Facco Enrico, Lucangeli Daniela, Tressoldi Patrizio
Studium Patavinum, University of Padua, Italy; Institute Franco Granone-Italian Center of Clinical & Experimental Hypnosis (CIICS), Turin, Italy.
Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padua, Italy; Human Potential Network Research Foundation, Padua, Italy.
Explore (NY). 2017 May-Jun;13(3):163-180. doi: 10.1016/j.explore.2017.02.007. Epub 2017 Feb 24.
Consciousness has been one of the most important and tantalizing issues ever since the origin of philosophy and medicine. The concept of consciousness and the so-called "hard problem" (i.e., the mind-brain relationship) are highly complex topics that have yet to be elucidated, involving the realms of both science and philosophy with profound epistemological implications. In the lively debate on the foundations of the science of consciousness there are several potential biases of an essentially philosophical nature, such as those related to the paradigm and axioms adopted, and the ostensible logical contradiction between monism and dualism. Their origin dates back largely to Descartes' thinking and the birth of the new sciences as a compromise with the Inquisition, but they have been handed down through the Enlightenment and Positivism. A proper investigation of consciousness and the world of subjectivity demands a careful reflection on the paradigm of scientific medicine to identify possible flaws and overcome the limits of the mechanistic-reductionist approach.
自哲学和医学诞生以来，意识一直是最重要且最具吸引力的问题之一。意识的概念以及所谓的“难题”（即心脑关系）是高度复杂且尚未阐明的主题，涉及科学和哲学领域，具有深刻的认识论意义。在关于意识科学基础的热烈辩论中，存在几种本质上属于哲学性质的潜在偏见，比如与所采用的范式和公理相关的偏见，以及一元论和二元论之间表面上的逻辑矛盾。它们的起源很大程度上可追溯到笛卡尔的思想以及新科学的诞生，这是与宗教裁判所妥协的结果，但它们在启蒙运动和实证主义时期得以传承。对意识和主观世界进行恰当的研究需要仔细反思科学医学的范式，以识别可能的缺陷并克服机械还原论方法的局限性。
