Synergistic activation of interleukin-8 gene transcription by all-trans-retinoic acid and tumor necrosis factor-alpha involves the transcription factor NF-kappaB.

Induction of interleukin-8 (IL-8) by IL-1 or tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and repression by interferons or glucocorticoids have been shown to involve sequences between nucleotides -94 and -71 of the 5'-flanking region, and the transcription factors NF-IL-6 and NF-kappaB. The A3 cell line was derived from the human melanoma cell line G-361 by stable transfection with part of the IL-8 promoter (nucleotides -101 to +40 from transcription start) fused to the luciferase coding region. These regulatory sequences were sufficient for transcriptional activation by all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), 9-cis-retinoic acid, IL-1beta, or TNF-alpha. Simultaneous treatment of A3 cells with ATRA and TNF-alpha resulted in a dose- and time-dependent synergistic increase in luciferase expression and IL-8 mRNA levels. Transient transfections of the parental cell line demonstrated that the NF-kappaB binding site is essential for this synergistic transactivation. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays with nuclear extracts of A3 cells showed that stimulation with ATRA and TNF-alpha for more than 16 h resulted in enhanced NF-kappaB binding compared to that induced by TNF-alpha alone. The simultaneous treatment with ATRA and TNF-alpha also resulted in changes in the composition of NF-kappaB complexes bound to the IL-8 NF-kappaB site, preventing the formation of two TNF-alpha-inducible binding activities. We suggest that these complexes consist of repressive factors which, when removed, allow enhanced binding of NF-kappaB to its cognate site.