Anderson J R, Fincham J M
Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 1996 Mar;22(2):259-77. doi: 10.1037//0278-7393.22.2.259.
Three categorization experiments were run in which participants saw a set of stimuli that varied on 4 continuous dimensions. Participants first categorized the stimuli and tried to predict some of the dimensions, given the values of others. Experiment 1 used iris-like stimuli based on the descriptions of R. A. Fisher's (1936) taxonomic descriptions. It showed that having participants categorize the stimuli was essential to being able to perform the prediction task and that merely observing the stimuli was not sufficient. It also indicated that participants could use within-category as well as between-category correlations for predictions. Experiments 2 and 3 used stimuli with artificial variations of values. Participants processed categories that had different within-category correlations. Participants' behavior could be predicted as a combination of sensitivity to within-category correlation and bias about the sign of the correlations. These results were fit to the rational model of categorization (J. R. Anderson, 1991) and to an exemplar model (R. M. Nosofsky, 1988).
进行了三项分类实验，实验中参与者看到一组在4个连续维度上变化的刺激物。参与者首先对刺激物进行分类，并在已知其他维度值的情况下尝试预测其中一些维度。实验1使用了基于R. A. 费舍尔（1936年）分类描述的类似鸢尾花的刺激物。结果表明，让参与者对刺激物进行分类对于能够执行预测任务至关重要，仅仅观察刺激物是不够的。这也表明参与者可以使用类别内以及类别间的相关性进行预测。实验2和3使用了具有人工值变化的刺激物。参与者处理了具有不同类别内相关性的类别。参与者的行为可以被预测为对类别内相关性的敏感性和对相关性符号的偏差的组合。这些结果与分类的理性模型（J. R. 安德森，1991年）和范例模型（R. M. 诺索夫斯基，1988年）相拟合。
