Transpapillary choledochoscopy.

This article reviews the current and future applications of peroral endoscopic choledochoscopy. As endoscopic technology has evolved with smaller, more durable miniscopes, the range of diagnostic and therapeutic uses has increased proportionately. The success of intraductal lithotripsy coupled with the advent of miniscopes that can be used through standard duodenoscopes will enable most endoscopists to remove almost all bile duct stones. Similarly, the accuracy of tissue sampling and tumor staging will be enhanced. The clinical impact of these developments are reviewed.