Hay J F, Jacoby L L
Department of Psychology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 1996 Nov;22(6):1323-35. doi: 10.1037//0278-7393.22.6.1323.
Memory slips are errors in performance that result when an automatic basis for responding (e.g., habit) opposes the intention to perform a specific behavior. Prior research has focused on factors that influence the probability of a memory slip while neglecting factors that facilitate performance. Using L. L. Jacoby's (1991) process-dissociation procedure to examine performance in both a memory-slip and a facilitation condition, the authors separated the contribution of habit and recollection (intentional memory) in a cued-recall task. The authors found that manipulating the strength of habit affected its contribution to performance in a manner that produced probability matching, but recollection was unchanged. In contrast, manipulations of presentation rate and response time influenced recollection but did not affect habit. Such dissociations support a model of memory in which automatic and intentional influences make independent contributions to performance.
记忆失误是指当自动反应基础（如习惯）与执行特定行为的意图相悖时所导致的表现错误。先前的研究主要关注影响记忆失误概率的因素，而忽略了促进表现的因素。作者运用L. L. 雅可比（1991）的过程分离程序，在记忆失误和促进条件下检验表现，在一个线索回忆任务中分离出习惯和回忆（有意记忆）的作用。作者发现，操纵习惯的强度会以产生概率匹配的方式影响其对表现的作用，但回忆不受影响。相比之下，呈现速率和反应时间的操纵会影响回忆，但不影响习惯。这种分离支持了一种记忆模型，即自动和有意影响对表现做出独立贡献。
