Hay J F, Jacoby L L
Department of Psychology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
Psychol Aging. 1999 Mar;14(1):122-34. doi: 10.1037//0882-7974.14.1.122.
An extension of L. L. Jacoby's (1991) process-dissociation procedure was used to examine the effects of aging on recollection and automatic influences of memory (habit). Experiment 1 showed that older adults were impaired in their ability to engage in recollection but did not differ from young adults in their reliance on habit. Elderly adults were also less able to exploit distinctive contextual information to enhance recollection. Experiments 2 and 3 showed that with more supportive conditions, older adults were able to benefit from distinctive contextual information. Quantitative and qualitative deficits in recollective abilities are interpreted within a dual-process model of memory. The problem of distinguishing between a deficit in recollection and a deficit in inhibitory processes in older adults (e.g., L. Hasher & R. T. Zacks, 1988) and the importance of this distinction for purposes of repairing memory performance are discussed.
运用了L. L. 雅各比（1991）的过程分离程序的扩展方法，来检验衰老对记忆提取以及记忆的自动影响（习惯）的作用。实验1表明，老年人在进行记忆提取的能力方面存在缺陷，但在对习惯的依赖程度上与年轻人并无差异。老年人也不太能够利用独特的情境信息来增强记忆提取。实验2和实验3表明，在更有利的条件下，老年人能够从独特的情境信息中受益。记忆提取能力的定量和定性缺陷在记忆的双过程模型中得到了解释。讨论了区分老年人在记忆提取方面的缺陷和抑制过程方面的缺陷的问题（例如，L. 哈舍和R. T. 扎克斯，1988），以及这种区分对于修复记忆表现的重要性。
