Semenzato G, Bortolin M, Facco M, Tassinari C, Sancetta R, Agostini C
Padua University School of Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Italy.
Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 1996;33(5):423-55. doi: 10.3109/10408369609084692.
Different types of immunocompetent cells, including T lymphocytes and alveolar macrophages, account for pulmonary host defense. Taking advantage of the availability of the monoclonal antibody technique, cell culture facilities, pure recombinant cytokines, and molecular probes for their genes, in the last few years it has been possible to keenly study the different steps that lead to the compartmentalization of immune response in human lung. Furthermore, the immunological analysis of cells retrieved from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) allowed recognition of the importance of immune mechanisms in the evolution of immune-mediated pulmonary disorders. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent advances on the immunologic characterization of lung lymphocytes in health and disease. Following a brief description of the pathways through which the pulmonary lymphoid system contributes to removing potentially harmful inhaled antigenic materials, available laboratory techniques to evaluate the lymphoid component of the pulmonary immune system and their byproducts are discussed. These techniques cover methods for preparing lymphocytes from the BAL fluid and for characterizing lung lymphocytes both in cell suspensions and pulmonary tissue biopsies. Other sections of this review describe the techniques for measuring the immunologic effector functions of lung lymphocytes. We also provide the reader with a flavor of the molecular biology methods used to characterize lymphocytes in the pulmonary microenvironment. The final sections of the review article highlight the pathogenetic role envisaged for lymphoid cells in pulmonary disease states and emphasize the importance of the BAL analysis in the clinical management of the most relevant immune-mediated lung disease.
包括T淋巴细胞和肺泡巨噬细胞在内的不同类型免疫活性细胞构成了肺部的宿主防御。利用单克隆抗体技术、细胞培养设施、纯重组细胞因子及其基因的分子探针，在过去几年中得以深入研究导致人类肺部免疫反应分区的不同步骤。此外，对支气管肺泡灌洗（BAL）回收细胞的免疫学分析使人们认识到免疫机制在免疫介导的肺部疾病演变中的重要性。本综述的目的是总结健康和疾病状态下肺淋巴细胞免疫特征的最新进展。在简要描述肺淋巴系统有助于清除潜在有害吸入抗原物质的途径之后，将讨论评估肺免疫系统淋巴成分及其副产物的现有实验室技术。这些技术包括从BAL液中制备淋巴细胞以及在细胞悬液和肺组织活检中鉴定肺淋巴细胞的方法。本综述的其他部分描述了测量肺淋巴细胞免疫效应功能的技术。我们还向读者介绍了用于鉴定肺微环境中淋巴细胞的分子生物学方法。综述文章的最后部分强调了淋巴细胞在肺部疾病状态中的发病机制作用，并强调了BAL分析在最相关免疫介导性肺病临床管理中的重要性。
