Jenkins A J, Oyler J M, Cone E J
Addiction Research Center, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
J Anal Toxicol. 1995 Oct;19(6):359-74. doi: 10.1093/jat/19.6.359.
Saliva is an alternate biological matrix for drug testing that has several advantages over more traditional fluids such as blood and urine. Collection is rapid, noninvasive, and relatively easy to obtain. Several reports have detailed the appearance of drugs of abuse in saliva, but few have compared the excretion profiles of drugs administered by different routes. In this study, subjects were administered three smoked and three intravenous doses of heroin in an ascending dose design. Blood and saliva were collected periodically after drug administration and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for heroin, 6-acetylmorphine, and morphine. In a second study, subjects were administered a single, smoked dose of 40 mg cocaine base and an intravenous dose of 44.8 mg cocaine HO on separate occasions. Plasma and saliva were collected and analyzed by CC-MS for cocaine, anhydroecgonine methyl ester (AEME), and seven additional metabolites. Heroin and 6-acetylmorphine were detected in the first saliva sample collected (2 min) following drug administration by both routes. Peak heroin concentrations were achieved quickly, between 2 and 5 min after intravenous administration and at 2 min after smoke heroin. Peak heroin concentrations in saliva after smoking heroin base ranged from 3534 (2.6 mg) to 20,580 ng/mL (5.2 mg), and after intravenous administration, concentrations ranged from 6 (10 mg heroin HCl to 30 ng/mL (12 mg heroin HCl. Saliva concentrations of heroin declined rapidly after intravenous administration, reaching the limit of sensitivity of the assay (1 ng/mL) by 60 min. Heroin concentrations in saliva after smoking declined slowly; detection times ranged from 4 to 24 h. Cocaine was the major analyte detected in saliva and plasma after smoked and intravenous administration. Peak saliva cocaine concentrations after intravenous administration ranged from 428 to 1927 ng/mL (N = 7); after smoking, they ranged from 15,852 to 504,880 ng/mL (N = 7). Peak plasma cocaine concentrations after intravenous administration ranged from 122 to 442 ng/mL A = 7), and after smoking, concentrations ranged from 46 to 291 ng/mL A = 7). The thermal degradation product of cocaine, AEME, was detected in saliva but not in plasma after smoking. Peak saliva AEME concentrations were achieved at 2 min and ranged from 558 to 4374 ng/mL (N = 7). These are the first reported observations of heroin and metabolites in saliva following heroin smoking and of AEME in saliva after smoking cocaine base. The presence of AEME in saliva may be useful as a marker of the smoked route following cocaine administration.
唾液是一种用于药物检测的替代生物基质，与血液和尿液等更传统的体液相比具有若干优势。采集快速、无创且相对容易获取。有几份报告详细描述了滥用药物在唾液中的表现，但很少有研究比较不同给药途径药物的排泄情况。在本研究中，受试者按照剂量递增设计接受了三次海洛因烟熏剂量和三次静脉注射剂量。给药后定期采集血液和唾液，并通过气相色谱 - 质谱联用仪（GC - MS）分析其中的海洛因、6 - 乙酰吗啡和吗啡。在第二项研究中，受试者在不同时间分别接受了单次40毫克可卡因碱的烟熏剂量和44.8毫克可卡因盐酸盐的静脉注射剂量。采集血浆和唾液并通过CC - MS分析其中的可卡因、去甲伪麻黄碱甲酯（AEME）以及其他七种代谢物。两种给药途径给药后，在采集的首个唾液样本（2分钟）中均检测到了海洛因和6 - 乙酰吗啡。静脉注射后2至5分钟以及烟熏海洛因后2分钟迅速达到海洛因峰值浓度。吸食海洛因碱后唾液中海洛因峰值浓度范围为3534（2.6毫克）至20,580纳克/毫升（5.2毫克），静脉注射后，浓度范围为6（10毫克海洛因盐酸盐）至30纳克/毫升（12毫克海洛因盐酸盐）。静脉注射后唾液中海洛因浓度迅速下降，60分钟时降至检测限（1纳克/毫升）。吸食后唾液中海洛因浓度下降缓慢；检测时间范围为4至24小时。吸食和静脉注射后，可卡因是在唾液和血浆中检测到的主要分析物。静脉注射后唾液中可卡因峰值浓度范围为428至1927纳克/毫升（N = 7）；吸食后，范围为15,852至504,880纳克/毫升（N = 7）。静脉注射后血浆中可卡因峰值浓度范围为122至442纳克/毫升（A = 7），吸食后，浓度范围为46至291纳克/毫升（A = 7）。吸食后在唾液中检测到了可卡因的热降解产物AEME，但在血浆中未检测到。唾液中AEME峰值浓度在2分钟时达到，范围为558至4374纳克/毫升（N = 7）。这些是首次报道吸食海洛因后唾液中海洛因及其代谢物以及吸食可卡因碱后唾液中AEME的观察结果。唾液中AEME的存在可能作为可卡因给药后烟熏途径的标志物。
