Leukocyte migration and activation by murine chemokines.

Chemokines are a family of chemotactic cytokines which attract different types of leukocytes. This property, combined with some additional inflammatory and growth-regulatory activities, demonstrate their crucial role in the immune system. Chemokines are low molecular weight proteins and possess a typical positioning of four conserved cysteines. This family is further subdivided in two subfamilies depending on whether the first two cysteines are adjacent or not (CC and CXC chemokines, respectively). The CXC chemokines (including interleukin-8) predominantly attract neutrophils, whereas CC chemokines induce migration of monocytes, as well as other leukocyte cell types. In this article, the general characteristics of chemokines are reviewed. Furthermore, the murine CC chemokines, JE/MCP-1, MCP-3/MARC, MIP-1 alpha, MIP-1 beta, RANTES, TCA3, C10/MRP-1, MRP-2, and eotaxin, are discussed more in detail.