Ross S M, Ross L E
J Exp Psychol Hum Learn. 1977 Sep;3(5):590-9.
Three experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of a nondifferential warning signal on differential classical conditioning. In Experiment 1, a 500-msec warning interval was found to result in good differential conditioning performance at an interstimulus interval (ISI) of 500 msec in which differential conditioning did not otherwise occur. The second experiment demonstrated the warning effect with both visual and auditory conditioned stimuli, thus ruling out the possibility that the warning effects were due to eye movements. Experment 3 showed that a warning signal and an increased ISI were functionally equivalent, as demonstrated by conditioning performance and the similar effects obtained when the ISI and warning-interval conditions were switched from optimal to nonoptimal and vice versa.
进行了三项实验来研究非差别性警告信号对差别性经典条件作用的影响。在实验1中，发现在500毫秒的刺激间隔（ISI）下，500毫秒的警告间隔会产生良好的差别性条件作用表现，而在该ISI下，若无警告信号则不会出现差别性条件作用。第二个实验用视觉和听觉条件刺激都证明了警告效应，从而排除了警告效应是由眼球运动导致的可能性。实验3表明，警告信号和增加的ISI在功能上是等效的，这一点通过条件作用表现以及当ISI和警告间隔条件从最佳状态切换到非最佳状态及反之亦然时所获得的相似效应得以证明。
