The mRNA encoding a beta subunit of heterotrimeric GTP-binding proteins is localized to the animal pole of Xenopus laevis oocyte and embryos.

In order to provide evidence for a potential role of heterotrimeric GTP-binding proteins in the transduction of developmental signals, we prepared cDNAs from Xenopus laevis embryos and looked for fragments amplified between primers located in conserved sequences of the different subtypes of beta subunit. Using the amplified fragment as a probe, we cloned a member of the beta subunit family. The deduced protein sequence of the amphibian cDNA is highly homologous to the beta 1 subtype and, accordingly, we have named the Xenopus gene XG beta 1. In situ hybridization and RNase protection assay revealed that XG beta 1 mRNA is confined to the animal hemisphere of the mature oocyte. This localization of XG beta 1 mRNA is established at stage V during oogenesis. Following fertilization, the maternal mRNAs cosegregate with animal cells during cleavage stages. At gastrulation, transcripts are expressed in the dorsal ectoderm layer that will give rise to the central nervous system. Thus, XG beta 1 mRNA belongs to the small family of localized maternal mRNAs; as a transducing protein, its restriction to a subset of embryonic cells could mediate the distinct responsiveness which contributes to the patterning of the embryo.