Winer G A, Cottrell J E, Karefilaki K D, Gregg V R
Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210-1222, USA.
J Exp Child Psychol. 1996 Dec;63(3):499-525. doi: 10.1006/jecp.1996.0060.
In three studies we used animated computer graphics to examine beliefs among children and adults that vision involved input to the eyes (the intromission theory) or emissions from the eye (the extramission theory). Results supported previous findings which showed a decrease in extramission and an increase in intromission responses across age. The findings also indicated that there were more extramission interpretations when subjects were tested with graphic images, and more intromission interpretations when the questioning was purely verbal. However, the magnitude of the effect was highly dependent upon question format. The differences between graphic and verbal question presentations (A) are consistent with our theory on the origins of extramission beliefs, (B) suggest that beliefs can vary as a function of form of symbolization, and (C) are contrary to long-standing beliefs of educators and psychologists that emphasize the importance of concrete, pictorial representation.
在三项研究中，我们使用动画计算机图形来检验儿童和成人对于视觉涉及眼睛接收信息（内射理论）或眼睛发出信息（外射理论）的看法。结果支持了之前的研究发现，即随着年龄增长，外射反应减少，内射反应增加。研究结果还表明，当用图形图像对受试者进行测试时，外射解释更多；当提问纯粹是口头形式时，内射解释更多。然而，这种效应的大小高度依赖于问题形式。图形和口头问题呈现方式之间的差异：（A）与我们关于外射信念起源的理论一致；（B）表明信念会因符号化形式而有所不同；（C）与教育工作者和心理学家长期以来强调具体图像表征重要性的观点相反。
