Chien Y C, Lin C, Worthley J
Department of Psychology, California State University, San Bernardino 92407, USA.
Percept Mot Skills. 1996 Dec;83(3 Pt 1):811-9. doi: 10.2466/pms.1996.83.3.811.
92 young adolescents were tested using Tversky and Kahneman's (1981) decision problems for framing effects. A notable number of young adolescents tested were not influenced by the context of the decision problems, thus they selected the same response option for positively and negatively framed problems. Parallel information was not available in Tversky and Kahneman's study for adults because they used a between-subjects design. However, for present adolescents who selected different response options for different framing problems, the response pattern exhibited by them resembled the general pattern exhibited by the adults tested in Tversky and Kahneman's study-negative frames led them to accept risk to avoid certain loss; positive frames prevented them from risking what they were certain to gain. Boys and girls were similar in their susceptibility to framing effects as were honors students in mathematics as compared to nonhonors students. Although the positive vs negative framing only influenced some of the young adolescents tested in this study, because the influence was consistent, researchers and educators interested in adolescents' decisions involving risky choices might use framing principles to design and assess cognitive interventions for high-risk behaviors among young adolescents.
92名青少年使用特沃斯基和卡尼曼（1981年）的决策问题来测试框架效应。测试的青少年中有相当数量不受决策问题背景的影响，因此他们对正向和负向框架问题选择了相同的回答选项。特沃斯基和卡尼曼对成年人的研究中没有平行信息，因为他们采用的是被试间设计。然而，对于那些针对不同框架问题选择不同回答选项的青少年来说，他们表现出的回答模式类似于特沃斯基和卡尼曼研究中测试的成年人所表现出的一般模式——负向框架使他们接受风险以避免确定的损失；正向框架阻止他们冒险失去确定会获得的东西。男孩和女孩对框架效应的易感性相似，数学优等学生与非优等学生也是如此。尽管正向与负向框架仅影响了本研究中测试的部分青少年，但由于这种影响是一致的，关注青少年涉及风险选择决策的研究人员和教育工作者可能会使用框架原则来设计和评估针对青少年高风险行为的认知干预措施。
