Reyna Valerie F
Cornell University, Center for Behavioral Economics and Decision Research, Human Development, Psychology, Cognitive Science, and Neuroscience (IMAGINE Program), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
Judgm Decis Mak. 2012 May;7(3):332-359.
Combining meaning, memory, and development, the perennially popular topic of intuition can be approached in a new way. Fuzzy-trace theory integrates these topics by distinguishing between meaning-based gist representations, which support fuzzy (yet advanced) intuition, and superficial verbatim representations of information, which support precise analysis. Here, I review the counterintuitive findings that led to the development of the theory and its most recent extensions to the neuroscience of risky decision making. These findings include memory interference (worse verbatim memory is associated with better reasoning); nonnumerical framing (framing effects increase when numbers are deleted from decision problems); developmental decreases in gray matter and increases in brain connectivity; developmental reversals in memory, judgment, and decision making (heuristics and biases based on gist increase from childhood to adulthood, challenging conceptions of rationality); and selective attention effects that provide critical tests comparing fuzzy-trace theory, expected utility theory, and its variants (e.g., prospect theory). Surprising implications for judgment and decision making in real life are also discussed, notably, that adaptive decision making relies mainly on gist-based intuition in law, medicine, and public health.
结合意义、记忆和发展，直觉这个长期流行的话题可以用一种新的方式来探讨。模糊痕迹理论通过区分基于意义的主旨表征（支持模糊但高级的直觉）和信息的表面逐字表征（支持精确分析）来整合这些话题。在此，我回顾了导致该理论发展的反直觉发现及其对风险决策神经科学的最新扩展。这些发现包括记忆干扰（较差的逐字记忆与较好的推理相关）；非数字框架（当从决策问题中删除数字时，框架效应增加）；灰质的发育性减少和大脑连通性的增加；记忆、判断和决策中的发育逆转（基于主旨的启发式和偏差从童年到成年增加，挑战了理性概念）；以及选择性注意效应，这些效应提供了比较模糊痕迹理论、预期效用理论及其变体（如前景理论）的关键测试。还讨论了对现实生活中判断和决策的惊人影响，特别是在法律、医学和公共卫生领域，适应性决策主要依赖基于主旨的直觉。
