Rigal R
Département de Kinanthropologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Canada.
Percept Mot Skills. 1996 Dec;83(3 Pt 1):831-42. doi: 10.2466/pms.1996.83.3.831.
Right-left orientation, mental rotation, and perspective-taking were examined in a group of 406 subjects ranging from 5 to 11 yr. of age with equal numbers of children in each age group. Immediate recognition was not a difficult task as even young children succeeded adequately on the three tasks involving different images. Right-left identification, where right and left terms are used, was harder even for the oldest subjects when associated with mental rotation. When children had to identify which image a person would see from another viewpoint, they succeeded when the person was looking away in the same direction as they were looking. When the person was facing the children (in the opposite direction of "forward"), three different behaviors emerged which indicated absence or presence of mental rotation in perspective-taking. Young subjects chose images as if the figures in the image were seeing from the subject's viewpoint; this percentage diminished slowly across increased ages. As subjects' ages increased, more chose the correct image. Even at 11 years of age, however, only half of the subjects chose correctly. Finally, an equal percentage of subjects among the different age groups understood that the person was seeing a different orientation of the persons but did not associate this with the correct right-left position of the persons on the image. This transition most probably reflects the slow evolution of cognitive processes which determine the way the child will use references to internal or external frameworks. It illustrates as well the passage from egocentrism to geocentrism with the ability to consider viewpoints other than one's own.
对一组年龄在5至11岁的406名受试者进行了左右定向、心理旋转和换位思考的研究，每个年龄组的儿童数量相等。即时识别并非难事，因为即使是幼儿在涉及不同图像的三项任务中也能充分完成。当左右术语与心理旋转相关联时，即使是年龄最大的受试者，左右识别也更加困难。当儿童必须识别一个人从另一个视角会看到的图像时，如果这个人看向与他们相同的方向，他们就能成功。当这个人面对儿童（与“向前”方向相反）时，出现了三种不同的行为，这表明在换位思考中存在或不存在心理旋转。年幼的受试者选择图像时，就好像图像中的人物是从他们自己的视角看的；随着年龄增长，这个比例缓慢下降。随着受试者年龄的增加，更多的人选择了正确的图像。然而，即使到了11岁，也只有一半的受试者选择正确。最后，不同年龄组中理解人物看到的是人物不同方向但未将其与图像中人物正确的左右位置联系起来的受试者比例相同。这种转变很可能反映了认知过程的缓慢演变，而认知过程决定了儿童使用内部或外部框架参考的方式。这也说明了从以自我为中心到以地球为中心的转变，以及考虑他人观点的能力。
