Pyridinium crosslinks of collagen as a marker of bone resorption rates in children and adolescents: normal values and clinical application.

The aim of our study was to establish normal values of urinary pyridinoline (Pyr) and deoxypyridinoline (DPyr) excretion for children aged 3-18 years, examine the biological variability of the marker, and assess its clinical value for pediatric patients with growth hormone deficiency. Pyr and DPyr was measured in first void urine samples from 692 healthy subjects (340 boys, 352 girls) by high-performance liquid chromatography. At sampling, age, body height, and weight was recorded for all individuals. Short-term variability in crosslinks excretion was examined in four healthy children. The clinical value of the marker was studied in seven patients with growth hormone (GH) deficiency. In childhood, crosslinks excretion exceeded normal adult values by about fivefold and declined during puberty. In the age range of 13-18 years, gender-related differences in Pyr and DPyr levels were observed, presumably resulting from the earlier onset of puberty in girls. Urinary levels of Pyr and DPyr were highly correlated both in males and females. Pyr/DPyr ratio was significantly higher in adolescents than children, suggesting enhanced release of Pyr from extraosseous sources. In both genders, neither age nor anthropometric variables showed a linear effect on crosslinks excretion. The range of within-subject, short-term variability in urinary Pyr and DPyr was relatively high (CV: 6%-21%), indicating that single measurements of crosslinks excretion may not adequately reflect bone resorption rates in children. Pyr and DPyr levels were significantly lower in GH-deficient patients and normalized during human growth hormone (hGH) therapy. Significant correlations between growth velocity (GV) and crosslinks levels were found, but individual prediction of GV increment during hGH treatment may be inaccurate. Pyr/DPyr ratio was not related to GV. It is concluded that measurement of urinary Pyr and DPyr excretion in children may be a valuable tool to assess bone resorption rates in population-based studies. In individual patients, however, only qualitative evaluation of disease severity and response to treatment seems justified.