Largo R H, Molinari L, von Siebenthal K, Wolfensberger U
Department of Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland.
Dev Med Child Neurol. 1996 Dec;38(12):1106-16. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.1996.tb15074.x.
A major change in toilet-training was observed in two successive generations. The median onset of toilet-training was postponed by 13 months between the First Zürich Longitudinal Study (320 children born between 1954 and 1956) and the Second Zürich Longitudinal Study (309 children born between 1974 and 1984). Bladder control, both day and night, was not affected, but bowel control was delayed by 16 months, due not to a lack of training, but to the abandonment of maternal control. The results strongly confirm earlier findings that the development of bowel and bladder control is a maturational process which cannot be accelerated by early onset and high intensity of potty-training. The child's initiative proved to be a reliable indicator that the child was developmentally capable of being clean and dry. Girls were consistently earlier than boys, indicating different maturation rates. No significant correlations were noted between the socioeconomic status and start and intensity of toilet-training, onset of the child's initiative or development of bladder and bowel control.
在连续两代人中观察到如厕训练方面的一个重大变化。在苏黎世纵向研究第一代（1954年至1956年出生的320名儿童）和苏黎世纵向研究第二代（1974年至1984年出生的309名儿童）之间，如厕训练的中位起始时间推迟了13个月。白天和夜间的膀胱控制未受影响，但排便控制推迟了16个月，这并非由于缺乏训练，而是由于母亲控制的放弃。这些结果有力地证实了早期的研究发现，即排便和膀胱控制的发展是一个成熟过程，早期开始和高强度的便盆训练并不能加速这一过程。事实证明，孩子的主动性是其在发育上能够保持清洁干爽的可靠指标。女孩始终比男孩更早，这表明成熟速度不同。在社会经济地位与如厕训练的开始、强度、孩子主动性的起始或膀胱和排便控制的发展之间未发现显著相关性。
