Largo R H, Stutzle W
Dev Med Child Neurol. 1977 Oct;19(5):598-606. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.1977.tb07993.x.
The development of bowel and bladder control by day and at night during the first six years of life in 320 Swiss children in the Zurich longitudinal study (1955--1976) is described in detail. A scoring system was used which included intermediate stages of control. With toilet-training started in 96 per cent of the children during the first year of life, bowel control was completed in 32 per cent at age one, in 75 per cent at age two and in 97 per cent at age three. Complete bladder control by day and at night were established in none of the children at age one, in 20 per cent at ages two and three and in 90 per cent at age four. Complete bowel control and complete bladder control by day and at night were found in 5 per cent at age two, in 11 per cent at age three, in 77 per cent at age four and in 91 per cent at age six. The significant relationships between bowel control, bladder control during the day and bladder control at night (p less than 0-001) demonstrate that the same developmental process acts in bowel and bladder control. Highly correlated to each other, first bowel control develops, then bladder control by day and finally bladder control at night. The relevance of these interrelations for toilet-training and for the management of enuretic and encopretic children is discussed.
在苏黎世纵向研究（1955 - 1976年）中，对320名瑞士儿童在生命最初六年中白天和夜间肠道及膀胱控制能力的发展进行了详细描述。使用了一种评分系统，该系统包括控制的中间阶段。96%的儿童在一岁时开始进行如厕训练，一岁时32%的儿童完成肠道控制，两岁时为75%，三岁时为97%。一岁时没有儿童能完全控制白天和夜间的膀胱，两岁和三岁时为20%，四岁时为90%。两岁时5%的儿童、三岁时11%的儿童、四岁时77%的儿童以及六岁时91%的儿童实现了白天和夜间的完全肠道控制及完全膀胱控制。肠道控制、白天膀胱控制和夜间膀胱控制之间的显著关系（p小于0.001）表明，肠道和膀胱控制遵循相同的发育过程。它们彼此高度相关，首先是肠道控制发展，然后是白天的膀胱控制，最后是夜间的膀胱控制。文中还讨论了这些相互关系对如厕训练以及遗尿和遗粪儿童管理的相关性。
