Henderson-King E I, Nisbett R E
Department of Psychology, Loyola University Chicago, Illinois 60626, USA.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 1996 Oct;71(4):654-64. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.71.4.654.
The authors examined whether the negative behavior of 1 Black male would influence White participants' perceptions of Black Americans and behavior toward another Black person. In Study 1, it was found that participants in the Black-negative condition tended to stereotype Blacks more than participants in the Black-control condition did. It was also found that participants who had observed a negative behavior, whether it was performed by a Black or a White confederate, avoided a subsequently encountered Black person more often than did participants in either the positive condition or the control condition. In a 2nd study, interpersonal interactions with a Black person were minimized only after participants observed the negative behavior of a Black confederate. Study 3 extended the findings of Study 1 by showing that group level stereotypes and the expression of ingroup favoritism resulted from simply overhearing a conversation in which a Black person was alleged to have committed a crime.
作者们研究了一名黑人男性的负面行为是否会影响白人参与者对美国黑人的看法以及对另一名黑人的行为。在研究1中，发现处于黑人负面情境中的参与者比处于黑人对照情境中的参与者更容易对黑人形成刻板印象。还发现，观察到负面行为的参与者，无论该行为是由黑人还是白人同谋实施的，比起处于正面情境或对照情境中的参与者，更频繁地避开随后遇到的黑人。在第二项研究中，只有在参与者观察到黑人同谋的负面行为后，与黑人的人际互动才会减少。研究3扩展了研究1的结果，表明仅仅通过偷听一段声称有黑人犯罪的对话，就会产生群体层面的刻板印象和内群体偏袒的表现。
