Schor E L
Division of Family and Community Health, Iowa Department of Public Health, Des Moines 50319-0075, USA.
Bull N Y Acad Med. 1996 Winter;73(2):335-56.
The family plays a central role in the use of alcohol by children and adolescents, yet preventive interventions rarely focus on the family. Early drinking and much subsequent use of alcohol by children and adolescents is sanctioned and sometimes encouraged by their families. Unlike experimentation with alcohol, problem drinking is associated with low levels of family social support and with dysfunctional coping strategies of families that may lead children to use drinking as an adaptive behavior. While risk-factor research has advanced understanding of alcohol use by children and youth, the poor predictive power of individual risks has limited its contribution to successful interventions. On the other hand, protective factors, provided by relationships within and outside the family, can be preventive and health promoting. Parents influence their children's drinking through family interactions, modeling and reinforcing standards, and attitudes that children learn and use to guide their behavior in new situations. Thus, parental influences endure. This article argues that interventions to prevent alcohol abuse should be designed to help parents to carry out their parental functions. This can be accomplished by providing social support, resources, and education for parents, as well as developing extra-familial sources of social support and socialization for children and adolescents.
家庭在儿童和青少年饮酒问题上扮演着核心角色，但预防性干预措施却很少关注家庭。儿童和青少年早期饮酒以及随后的大量饮酒行为得到家庭的认可，有时甚至受到鼓励。与尝试饮酒不同，问题饮酒与家庭社会支持水平低以及家庭功能失调的应对策略有关，这些策略可能导致孩子将饮酒作为一种适应性行为。虽然风险因素研究增进了对儿童和青少年饮酒行为的理解，但个体风险的预测能力较差，限制了其对成功干预措施的贡献。另一方面，家庭内外关系所提供的保护因素具有预防和促进健康的作用。父母通过家庭互动、树立并强化标准以及孩子在新情境中学习并用于指导自身行为的态度来影响孩子的饮酒行为。因此，父母的影响持久存在。本文认为，预防酒精滥用的干预措施应旨在帮助父母履行其父母职责。这可以通过为父母提供社会支持、资源和教育，以及为儿童和青少年发展家庭外的社会支持和社会化来源来实现。
