Spieler D H, Balota D A
Department of Psychology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA.
Psychol Aging. 1996 Dec;11(4):607-20. doi: 10.1037//0882-7974.11.4.607.
Two experiments investigated age differences in the encoding of associative information during a speeded naming task. In both experiments, semantically unrelated prime-target word pairs were presented 4 times, in either massed or spaced fashion, during the learning phase. An immediate or delayed test trial was presented following the fourth presentation. In Experiment 1, participants named both the primes and the targets. Younger and older adults showed similar benefits when naming targets that were part of a consistent prime-target pairing compared with targets presented with different primes at each presentation. In Experiment 2, participants named only the target word. Younger adults showed a benefit for consistently paired words, whereas older adults showed no benefit for consistently paired words. The results of the test trials showed a greater benefit for massed repeated words than for spaced repeated words at the immediate test and a reversed pattern at the delayed test. This spacing by test delay interaction was evident in response latency in Experiment 1 and in cued recall performance in Experiment 2.
两项实验研究了在快速命名任务中关联信息编码的年龄差异。在这两项实验中，语义不相关的启动词-目标词对在学习阶段以集中或分散的方式呈现4次。在第四次呈现后进行即时或延迟测试。在实验1中，参与者既要说出启动词也要说出目标词。与每次呈现时与不同启动词搭配的目标词相比，年轻和年长的成年人在说出属于一致启动词-目标词配对的目标词时表现出相似的优势。在实验2中，参与者只说出目标词。年轻成年人在一致配对的词上表现出优势，而年长成年人在一致配对的词上没有表现出优势。测试结果显示，在即时测试中，集中重复的词比分散重复的词有更大的优势，而在延迟测试中则呈现相反的模式。这种测试延迟与间隔的交互作用在实验1的反应潜伏期和实验2的线索回忆表现中都很明显。
