Spielman A I, Bivona P, Rifkin B R
Division of Basic Sciences, NYU College of Dentistry, USA.
N Y State Dent J. 1996 Dec;62(10):36-42.
Halitosis is caused primarily by bacterial putrefaction and the generation of volatile sulfur compounds. Ninety percent of patients suffering from halitosis have oral causes, such as poor oral hygiene, periodontal disease, tongue coat, food impaction, unclean dentures, faulty restorations, oral carcinomas, and throat infections. The remaining 10 percent of halitosis sufferers have systemic causes that include renal or hepatic failure, carcinomas, diabetes or trimethylaminuria. Modern analytical and microbiological techniques permit diagnosis of bad breath. Management of halitosis involves maintaining proper oral hygiene, and periodontal treatment, including tongue brushing.
口臭主要由细菌腐败和挥发性硫化物的产生引起。90%的口臭患者有口腔方面的病因，如口腔卫生差、牙周病、舌苔、食物嵌塞、假牙不洁、修复体不当、口腔癌和咽喉感染。其余10%的口臭患者有全身病因，包括肾衰竭或肝功能衰竭、癌症、糖尿病或三甲胺尿症。现代分析和微生物技术可对口臭进行诊断。口臭的治疗包括保持适当的口腔卫生以及进行牙周治疗，包括刷舌。
