Royce J M, Corbett K, Sorensen G, Ockene J
American Health Foundation, New York, USA.
Soc Sci Med. 1997 Feb;44(3):359-70. doi: 10.1016/s0277-9536(96)00149-9.
This study was undertaken to examine gender differences in the perception of social constraints against smoking and to explore the role of other sociodemographic and smoking factors that influence the perception of social pressure. Baseline data from the 20 U.S. sites in the National Cancer Institute's Community Intervention Trial for Smoking Cessation (COMMIT) were analyzed. We found that women were less likely than men to be heavy smokers and to report that smoking had affected their health, but more likely to report behavior indicating physiological addiction (timing of first cigarette). At all smoking levels, women were about twice as likely as men to report feeling pressure to quit, after adjusting for education, income, ethnic group, age, and other factors. The source of pressure, however, was different: more women report pressure from their children, whereas more men report pressure from friends and coworkers. Women were equally likely as men to make quit attempts, after adjusting for other factors, but were less likely to remain abstinent for at least 10 days. Women, regardless of education, ethnicity, and age, reported a greater tendency to ask permission before smoking in non-restricted public places. College-educated men were less likely than men without college education to smoke without asking in non-restricted places, but education did not influence whether women asked permission. For both sexes, smoking level and nicotine dependence were significant predictors of lighting up without asking in public places, after adjustment for other variables. We discuss these findings and their implications for the gender gap in smoking cessation and women's conflicting pressures to stop/continue smoking. Tobacco control efforts are discussed within the context of gender differences in social norms, roles, socialization, and communication cultures.
本研究旨在探讨对吸烟社会限制的认知中的性别差异，并探究影响社会压力认知的其他社会人口学和吸烟因素的作用。对美国国立癌症研究所戒烟社区干预试验（COMMIT）中20个地点的基线数据进行了分析。我们发现，女性比男性成为重度吸烟者以及报告吸烟影响其健康的可能性更小，但更有可能报告表明生理成瘾的行为（第一支烟的时间）。在所有吸烟水平上，在调整了教育程度、收入、种族、年龄和其他因素后，女性报告有戒烟压力的可能性约为男性的两倍。然而，压力来源不同：更多女性报告来自子女的压力，而更多男性报告来自朋友和同事的压力。在调整其他因素后，女性和男性进行戒烟尝试的可能性相同，但女性至少持续10天戒烟的可能性更小。无论教育程度、种族和年龄如何，女性报告在非限制公共场所吸烟前更倾向于寻求许可。受过大学教育的男性在非限制场所未经询问就吸烟的可能性比未受过大学教育的男性小，但教育程度并不影响女性是否寻求许可。在调整其他变量后，对于男女两性来说，吸烟水平和尼古丁依赖都是在公共场所未经询问就吸烟的重要预测因素。我们讨论了这些发现及其对戒烟性别差距以及女性戒烟/继续吸烟的矛盾压力的影响。在社会规范、角色、社会化和沟通文化的性别差异背景下讨论了烟草控制措施。
