Walden T A
Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37203, USA.
Child Dev. 1996 Oct;67(5):2074-85.
This was an experimental study of the ability of adults to detect 1 social signal that is important in social interactions, children's glances or looks at their social partners. Adult judges were either parents of children with developmental delays, parents of nondelayed children, or nonparents with little experience with children. Each participant viewed 120 videotaped episode in which very young children's looks (of 2 types, either a focus on parent's face or nonface focus) occurred or no looking occurred. Half the episodes featured children with documented developmental delays and half featured nondelayed children. Participants made judgments about the occurrence of a look in each episode and rated their confidence in each judgment. Participants made more accurate and quicker responses to social looks by children without than those with developmental delays. Accuracy effects were qualified by interactions with type of look. Participants were more confident of their judgments of looks for nondelayed toddlers than those with delays. Signal detection statistics indicated that looks of delayed toddlers were harder to identify and that judges set a more stringent criterion for responding to those looks. No effects of judges' level of experience with delayed or nondelayed children were found. Implications of these findings for social interaction involving individuals with developmental delays are discussed.
这是一项关于成年人检测一种在社交互动中很重要的社交信号的能力的实验研究，即儿童看向或注视其社交伙伴的目光。成年评判者要么是发育迟缓儿童的父母、发育正常儿童的父母，要么是很少接触儿童的非父母群体。每位参与者观看了120段录像片段，其中有非常年幼的儿童出现两种类型的目光（一种是注视父母的脸，另一种是不注视脸），或者没有目光出现。一半的片段展示的是有记录的发育迟缓儿童，另一半展示的是发育正常儿童。参与者对每段片段中目光的出现情况进行判断，并对每次判断的信心进行评分。与发育迟缓儿童相比，参与者对发育正常儿童的社交目光做出了更准确、更快的反应。准确性效应因目光类型的相互作用而有所不同。与发育迟缓的幼儿相比，参与者对发育正常幼儿的目光判断更有信心。信号检测统计表明，发育迟缓幼儿的目光更难识别，评判者对这些目光的反应设定了更严格的标准。未发现评判者对发育迟缓或发育正常儿童的经验水平有影响。讨论了这些发现对涉及发育迟缓个体的社交互动的意义。
