Walden T A, Knieps L J, Baxter A
Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37203.
Am J Ment Retard. 1991 Sep;96(2):177-87.
Social referencing involves using information from other persons to guide behavior and affect in ambiguous situations. Children's behavior toward a stimulus paired with positive affective messages was compared to behavior toward a stimulus paired with fearful messages. Normally developing children, but not those with delays, showed evidence of behavior regulation, touching positive-message more than fearful-message toys. Parental communications were more regularly preceded by children's looks in dyads with normally developing children. Parents of children with delays often initiated unsolicited communications in addition to responding to children's initiations. Children with delays regulated behavior only when messages were contingent upon looks. Parental contingency was not associated with behavior regulation in dyads with normally developing children.
社会参照涉及在模糊情境中利用他人信息来指导行为和影响情绪。将儿童对与积极情感信息配对的刺激物的行为与对与恐惧信息配对的刺激物的行为进行了比较。正常发育的儿童，而非发育迟缓的儿童，表现出行为调节的迹象，触摸与积极信息配对的玩具多于与恐惧信息配对的玩具。在与正常发育儿童的二元组中，儿童的注视更常先于父母的交流。发育迟缓儿童的父母除了回应孩子的主动交流外，还经常主动发起不必要的交流。发育迟缓的儿童只有在信息与注视相关时才会调节行为。在与正常发育儿童的二元组中，父母的相关性与行为调节无关。
