Ensminger M E, Lamkin R P, Jacobson N
Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
Child Dev. 1996 Oct;67(5):2400-16.
Using 1970 and 1980 census data from 202 tracts in the Chicago metropolitan region, we examine whether neighborhoods influence the likelihood of high school graduation for a cohort of African-American children followed from 1966 to 1993. Neighborhood-level variables included percent living below poverty and percent in white collar occupations. We test for the possible direct, indirect, and interactive effects of these neighborhood indicators on the likelihood of school dropout. Our examination found the advantage of living in a neighborhood characterized by a high percentage of residents who work in white-collar occupations. Male adolescents who lived in a middle-class neighborhood were more likely to graduate from high school, even with family background, early school performance, adolescent family supervision, and adolescent marijuana use controlled. These findings are consistent with findings from three other studies. However, living in a poverty census tract did not seem to influence the likelihood of high school graduation or school leaving over and above the impact of family and individual characteristics. There also were no neighborhood effects for females.
利用芝加哥大都市区202个地段1970年和1980年的人口普查数据，我们研究了社区环境是否会影响一批从1966年到1993年的非裔美国儿童高中毕业的可能性。社区层面的变量包括生活在贫困线以下的人口百分比和从事白领职业的人口百分比。我们测试了这些社区指标对辍学可能性可能产生的直接、间接和交互影响。我们的研究发现，生活在居民从事白领职业比例较高的社区有优势。即使在控制了家庭背景、早期学业成绩、青少年家庭监管和青少年吸食大麻等因素后，生活在中产阶级社区的男性青少年更有可能高中毕业。这些发现与其他三项研究的结果一致。然而，生活在贫困人口普查区似乎并未对高中毕业或辍学的可能性产生超出家庭和个人特征影响的作用。对女性也不存在社区效应。
