Activation of nitric oxide synthase gene expression by hypoxia in central and peripheral neurons.

In the present study we examined the effects of hypobaric hypoxia on neuronal (n) and endothelial (e) nitric oxide synthase (NOS) gene expression in the central and peripheral nervous system. Adult rats were exposed either to normoxia (room air) on to hypobaric hypoxia (0.4 atm) for 4, 12 or 24 h and cerebellum and nodose ganglion representing the central and peripheral neurons, respectively, were removed. Messenger RNAs encoding n- and eNOS as well as beta-actin were analyzed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique. Hypoxia increased nNOS mRNA expression with maximal changes occurring after 12 h wherein mRNA levels were increased by 10.4 +/- 1.3 and 2 +/- 0.4 fold in nodose ganglion and cerebellum, respectively. Hypoxia, on the other hand, had no significant effect on eNOS and beta-actin mRNA levels. Analysis of nNOS protein and enzyme activity showed near doubling of these variables in both tissues after 24 h of hypoxia, indicating that nNOS protein levels are increased and that the protein is functionally active. These observations demonstrate that 12-24 h of hypobaric hypoxia selectively activates nNOS gene expression, which is reflected in an increase in nNOS protein in central and peripheral neurons. It is suggested that up-regulation of nNOS leads to increased generation of nitric oxide, which in turn may contribute to the readjustments of cardio-respiratory systems during the early stages of chronic hypoxia.