Johnston P A, Liu H, O'Connell T, Phelps P, Bland M, Tyczkowski J, Kemper A, Harding T, Avakian A, Haddad E, Whitfill C, Gildersleeve R, Ricks C A
EMBREX Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-3989, USA.
Poult Sci. 1997 Jan;76(1):165-78. doi: 10.1093/ps/76.1.165.
By mid-August 1995, 55% of broiler embryos in North America were vaccinated for Marek's disease using the INOVOJECT system, with 201 INOVOJECT machines placed with 16 of the top 25 poultry producers, providing the industry with the capacity to inject in excess of 400 million eggs per month or about 5 billion eggs per annum. In ovo administration of a bursal disease antibody-infectious bursal disease virus (BDA-IBDV) complexed vaccine to specific-pathogen-free (SPF) embryos was safer and more potent than conventional IBDV vaccine alone because it delayed the appearance of bursal lesions, produced no early mortality, produced higher geometric mean antibody titers against IBDV, and generated protective immunity against challenge. In ovo administration of a BDA-IBDV complexed vaccine to broiler embryos generated antibody titers against IBDV sooner than conventional virus vaccinates, and generated protective immunity against challenge Direct DNA injection of plasmid DNA encoding beta-galactosidase into breast muscle in ovo and posthatch was an effective means to achieve both gene transfer and expression, with potential for the development of gene vaccines using plasmids encoding protective antigens from poultry pathogens. In ovo administration of 800 U chicken myelomonocytic growth factor (cMGF), a chicken hematopoietic cytokine for cells of the monocytic-granulocytic lineages, significantly reduced mortality associated with Escherichia coli exposure within the hatcher when compared to PBS controls (6.1 vs 12.4, P < or = 0.05), but not when compared to a yeast expression control. A procedure was developed enabling injection prior to the onset of incubation without compromising embryo viability. This in ovo injection process has opened up the window of embryo development during incubation for intervention, as illustrated by the 100% male phenotype produced in chicks hatching from eggs injected with aromatase inhibitor prior to incubation. These data illustrate some of the in ovo applications presently in use by the poultry industry, and under development or in research at EMBREX.
到1995年8月中旬，北美55%的肉鸡胚胎使用INOVOJECT系统接种了马立克氏病疫苗，201台INOVOJECT机器被安置在25家最大的家禽生产商中的16家，使该行业每月能够注射超过4亿枚鸡蛋，或每年约50亿枚鸡蛋。向无特定病原体（SPF）胚胎卵内接种法氏囊病抗体 - 传染性法氏囊病病毒（BDA - IBDV）复合疫苗比单独使用传统IBDV疫苗更安全、效力更强，因为它延迟了法氏囊病变的出现，未产生早期死亡，产生了更高的针对IBDV的几何平均抗体滴度，并产生了针对攻击的保护性免疫。向肉鸡胚胎卵内接种BDA - IBDV复合疫苗比传统病毒疫苗接种更快产生针对IBDV的抗体滴度，并产生针对攻击的保护性免疫。将编码β - 半乳糖苷酶的质粒DNA直接卵内和出壳后注射到胸肌中是实现基因转移和表达的有效手段，具有开发使用编码家禽病原体保护性抗原的质粒的基因疫苗的潜力。卵内接种800 U鸡骨髓单核细胞生长因子（cMGF），一种针对单核 - 粒细胞系细胞的鸡造血细胞因子，与PBS对照相比，显著降低了孵化器内与大肠杆菌暴露相关的死亡率（6.1对12.4，P≤0.05），但与酵母表达对照相比则不然。开发了一种在孵化开始前进行注射而不损害胚胎活力的程序。这种卵内注射过程打开了孵化期间胚胎发育的干预窗口，如孵化前注射芳香化酶抑制剂的鸡蛋孵化出的小鸡产生100%雄性表型所示。这些数据说明了家禽行业目前正在使用的一些卵内应用，以及EMBREX正在开发或研究的应用。
