Taylor S E, Repetti R L, Seeman T
Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles 90095-1563, USA.
Annu Rev Psychol. 1997;48:411-47. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.48.1.411.
This review explores the role of environments in creating chronic and acute health disorders. A general framework for studying the nesting of social environments and the multiple pathways by which environmental factors may adversely affect health is offered. Treating socioeconomic status (SES) and race as contextual factors, we examine characteristics of the environments of community, work, family, and peer interaction for predictors of positive and adverse health outcomes across the lifespan. We consider chronic stress/allostatic load, mental distress, coping skills and resources, and health habits and behaviors as classes of mechanisms that address how unhealthy environments get "under the skin," to create health disorders. Across multiple environments, unhealthy environments are those that threaten safety, that undermine the creation of social ties, and that are conflictual, abusive, or violent. A healthy environment, in contrast, provides safety, opportunities for social integration, and the ability to predict and/or control aspects of that environment.
本综述探讨了环境在引发慢性和急性健康问题中所起的作用。文中提供了一个用于研究社会环境嵌套以及环境因素可能对健康产生不利影响的多种途径的总体框架。我们将社会经济地位（SES）和种族视为背景因素，考察社区、工作、家庭及同伴互动环境的特征，以找出贯穿一生的积极和不良健康结果的预测因素。我们将慢性压力/应激负荷、精神困扰、应对技能和资源，以及健康习惯和行为视为几类机制，用以阐述不健康环境如何“深入肌肤”从而引发健康问题。在多种环境中，不健康环境是指那些威胁安全、破坏社会关系建立、充满冲突、具有虐待性或暴力性的环境。相比之下，健康环境则提供安全、社会融合机会以及预测和/或控制该环境各方面的能力。
