Dabbous Mariam, Sakr Fouad, Safwan Jihan, Rahal Mohamad, Fahs Iqbal, Akel Marwan, Salameh Pascale
School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon.
Inserm U1094, IRD U270, CHU Limoges, EpiMaCT-Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases in Tropical Zone, Institute of Epidemiology and Tropical Neurology, Omega Health, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France.
Sci Rep. 2025 Aug 4;15(1):28376. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-13050-y.
This study aims to develop and validate the Personal Safety Perception Scale (PSPS-26) as a wide-spectrum tool to capture the multidimensional construct of perceived personal safety. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1228 adults in Lebanon using an online survey. The PSPS-26 was developed through a modified Delphi technique and literature review, followed by expert consensus. The final 26-item scale was administered alongside validated measures of stress (PSQ-30), financial well-being (IFDFW), and health status (EQ-5D-5L). Construct validity was assessed using principal component analysis with Promax rotation, and reliability was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were conducted to examine the associations between perceived safety and sociodemographic, clinical, and psychosocial factors. The PSPS-26 was validated with five factors: "Fear of Crime", "Safety Confidence", "Feeling Safe", "Neighborhood Walkability", and "Safety at Night", showing strong reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.835). Higher stress significantly associated with lower overall safety perception (Beta = - 0.158), especially in safety confidence (Beta = - 0.068) and safety at night (Beta = - 0.062). Enhanced health well-being significantly improved overall safety perception (Beta = 0.058) and feeling safe (Beta = 0.028). Financial well-being was positively and significantly correlated to overall safety perception (Beta = 0.204) and dimensions of fear of crime (Beta = 0.133), safety confidence (Beta = 0.033), and feeling safe (Beta = 0.035). Other significant factors included gender, health insurance coverage, access to healthcare, employment, education, residence area, and marital status. The PSPS-26 is a reliable and valid tool for assessing multidimensional personal safety perception. Its association with stress, health, and financial well-being underscores the importance of integrating psychological and socioeconomic factors into safety-related public health and policy strategies.
本研究旨在开发并验证个人安全感知量表（PSPS - 26），将其作为一种广泛适用的工具来衡量个人安全感知的多维结构。在黎巴嫩，对1228名成年人开展了一项横断面在线调查研究。PSPS - 26是通过改良的德尔菲技术和文献综述，并经专家达成共识后开发出来的。最终的26项量表与经过验证的压力测量量表（PSQ - 30）、财务状况量表（IFDFW）和健康状况量表（EQ - 5D - 5L）一同施测。使用主成分分析和斜交旋转法评估结构效度，使用克朗巴哈系数评估信度。进行双变量和多变量分析，以检验安全感知与社会人口学、临床及心理社会因素之间的关联。PSPS - 26通过“对犯罪的恐惧”“安全信心”“感觉安全”“邻里步行便利性”和“夜间安全”这五个因素得到验证，显示出较强的信度（克朗巴哈系数 = 0.835）。较高的压力与较低的总体安全感知显著相关（β = - 0.158），尤其是在安全信心方面（β = - 0.068）和夜间安全方面（β = - 0.062）。更好的健康状况显著改善了总体安全感知（β = 0.058）和感觉安全程度（β = 0.028）。财务状况与总体安全感知呈显著正相关（β = 0.204），与对犯罪的恐惧维度（β = 0.133）、安全信心（β = 0.033）和感觉安全程度（β = 0.035）也呈显著正相关。其他显著因素包括性别、医疗保险覆盖范围、获得医疗服务的机会、就业、教育、居住地区和婚姻状况。PSPS - 26是评估多维个人安全感知的可靠且有效的工具。它与压力、健康和财务状况的关联凸显了将心理和社会经济因素纳入与安全相关的公共卫生和政策策略的重要性。
