[Screening for celiac disease in children attending secondary school around Lucca].

UNLABELLED

A growing number of clinical and epidemiological data point to the fact that coeliac disease (CD) is a pauci- or asymptomatic occurrence, relatively more frequent than it was supposed in the past, manifested in atypical, silent and latent forms which are often undiagnosed or diagnosed only at a later age. The fact that resolutive treatment is now available means that CD is an ideal field for the application of a screening method. In this context the study by Catassi et al. (1994) is particularly important since it reported a prevalence of 0.38% of CD in healthy children in the Pesaro-Urbino area.

AIM

The aim of this study was to verify the incidence of CD in a nonselected pediatric population in the province of Lucca, using the aforesaid screening method.

METHOD

The eligible population consisted of 1585 students from 5 secondary schools around Lucca, aged between 10 and 15 years old, none of whom were known to be affected by CD. In the first phase of the study anti-gliadin-IgA (AGA-IgA) and IgG antibodies were assayed in capillary blood (collected at school) using Alfa-Gliatest (Eurospital); children with AGA-IgA, AGA-IgG over 7 and 15 U/ml respectively were considered positive. In the second phase children with positive results underwent a further assay of AGA-IgA, AGA-IgG, anti-endomysium antibodies (EMA) and total IgA in venous blood. Lastly, children positive for AGA-IgA and/or EMA, or those positive for AGA-IgG with IgA deficit underwent duodenal jejunal biopsy.

RESULTS

41 children were positive on screening (2.6% of the eligible population, 3.8% of subjects effectively tested). Of these, 39 were assayed for AGA (IgA and IgG), EMA and total IgA in peripheral blood, identifying 4 subjects positive for AGA-IgA and EMA. Of the 4 children selected in this way, only 2 underwent jejunal biopsy and both presented "duodenal mucosa with chronic phlogosis and subtotal villous atrophy". Two cases of CD were formally ascertained with a prevalence of 1 out of 793 (0.13%) of the eligible population and an estimated prevalence of 1 out of 546.5 (0.18%) of the subjects undergoing screening. The cost was approximately Lit. 23,000 per child screened and approximately Lit. 6,100,000 for each coeliac child diagnosed.

COMMENTS AND CONCLUSIONS

The diagnostic iter proved efficacious and enabled 4 "high-risk" children to be selected. If the two subjects who did not undergo biopsy are also formally considered as coeliacs, the prevalence would be 1 out of 396 (0.25%) of the eligible subjects, namely 1 out of 273 (0.37%) of effectively tested subjects. This is a figure which is very similar to that reported by other studies. The 4 children identified here as strongly suspected of CD did not possess any anamnestic and/or objective elements which might have suggested "ex ante" a diagnosis of CD. If confirmed, these data provide concrete evidence of the need to perform mass screenings to identify CD. The economic convenience of this procedure depends on a careful analysis of the costs of the failure to diagnose CD.