Bornstein M H, Haynes O M, O'Reilly A W, Painter K M
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892-2030, USA. BR2CU.NIH.GOV
Child Dev. 1996 Dec;67(6):2910-29.
This study evaluates sources of individual variation in child pretense play as an expression of emerging mental representation. Family sociodemographic characteristics, maternal personological characteristics, and maternal affective and cognitive play behaviors, as well as children's gender, language competence, and play, were examined simultaneously. Naturalistic child solitary play and child collaborative play with mother were videorecorded in 141 20-month-olds. Child solitary play, child-initiated and mother-initiated collaborative play with mother, and maternal demonstrations and solicitations of play were then coded into nonsymbolic and symbolic acts. Zero-order relations obtained between child play and, respectively, child gender and language, family SES, and maternal verbal intelligence, personality, physical affection, and play demonstrations and solicitations. Structural equation modeling supported the following unique predictive relations: Child language and mothers' symbolic play positively influenced child collaborative play, and child gender and mothers' verbal intelligence predicted child solitary play. Child gender and mothers' verbal intelligence and physical affection influenced mothers' play and so influenced child collaborative play indirectly. The cognitive advantages of child play and maternal influences on child play are placed in an adaptive parenting framework.
本研究评估儿童假装游戏中个体差异的来源，将其作为新兴心理表征的一种表达。同时考察了家庭社会人口学特征、母亲的人格特征、母亲的情感和认知游戏行为，以及儿童的性别、语言能力和游戏情况。对141名20个月大的儿童进行自然主义情境下的独自游戏以及与母亲的合作游戏的视频记录。然后将儿童独自游戏、儿童发起的与母亲的合作游戏、母亲发起的与母亲的合作游戏，以及母亲的游戏示范和邀请编码为非象征性和象征性行为。分别考察了儿童游戏与儿童性别和语言、家庭社会经济地位（SES）以及母亲的言语智力、人格、身体亲昵行为、游戏示范和邀请之间的零阶关系。结构方程模型支持以下独特的预测关系：儿童语言和母亲的象征性游戏对儿童合作游戏有积极影响，儿童性别和母亲的言语智力预测儿童独自游戏。儿童性别、母亲的言语智力和身体亲昵行为影响母亲的游戏，进而间接影响儿童合作游戏。儿童游戏的认知优势以及母亲对儿童游戏的影响被置于适应性养育框架中。
