The historical roots of psychoanalytic orthodoxy.

The historical roots of psychoanalytic orthodoxy may now be examined because new hitherto unpublished sources on the history of psychoanalysis have become available. The early defections of Adler and Jung can be seen in a different light from that in Freud's (1914) history of psychoanalysis. The controversial discussions between Anna Freud and Melanie Klein can also yield new insights. In the author's view, the fact that the Kleinians were not expelled gave rise to a new type of creative analyst, that of the modifier. Modifiers complicate the task of psychoanalytic training, but they also keep psychoanalysis alive. Criticisms of psychoanalytic training are cited and the claim is made that psychoanalytic orthodoxy may have been necessary historically speaking, but it extracted a heavy toll. It no longer serves a useful purpose. A new historical approach is recommended. The author believes that understanding the history of psychoanalysis can contribute to tolerance between different psychoanalytic schools.