Tokars J I, Alter M J, Miller E, Moyer L A, Favero M S
Investigation and Prevention Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
ASAIO J. 1997 Jan-Feb;43(1):108-19.
Dialysis centers in the United States were surveyed in 1994 regarding a number of hemodialysis associated diseases and practices. A total of 2,449 centers, representing 206,884 patients and 50,314 staff members, responded. In 1994, 99% of centers used bicarbonate dialysate as the primary method of dialysis, 45% used high flux dialysis, and 75% reused dialyzers. Hepatitis B vaccine had been administered to 31% of patients and to 80% of staff members. Acute infection with hepatitis B virus occurred in 0.1% of patients and was more likely to be reported by centers with lower proportions of patients vaccinated against hepatitis B virus and those not using a separate room and dialysis machine to treat hepatitis B surface antigen positive patients. The prevalence of antibody to hepatitis C virus was 10.5% among patients and 1.9% among staff members and varied according to geographic region. Pyrogenic reactions in the absence of septicemia were reported by 22% of centers and were most highly associated with dialyzer reuse. Human immunodeficiency virus infection was reported to be present in 1.5% of patients; 37% of centers provided hemodialysis to one or more patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus.
1994年，美国对一些血液透析相关疾病和操作的透析中心进行了调查。共有2449个中心做出回应，涉及206884名患者和50314名工作人员。1994年，99%的中心将碳酸氢盐透析液作为主要透析方法，45%使用高通量透析，75%重复使用透析器。31%的患者和80%的工作人员接种了乙肝疫苗。0.1%的患者发生了乙肝病毒急性感染，乙肝病毒疫苗接种比例较低以及未使用单独房间和透析机治疗乙肝表面抗原阳性患者的中心更有可能报告此类感染。丙肝病毒抗体在患者中的流行率为10.5%，在工作人员中为1.9%，且因地理区域而异。22%的中心报告了无败血症情况下的热原反应，这与透析器重复使用的关联最为密切。据报告，1.5%的患者感染了人类免疫缺陷病毒；37%的中心为一名或多名感染人类免疫缺陷病毒的患者提供血液透析。
