Psychological aspects of cancer surgery: surgeons' attitudes and opinions.

Fifty-one surgical consultants, registrars and senior registrars in NHS hospitals in the West Midlands (UK) were interviewed about psychological aspects of cancer surgery: information given to patients, the bad news interview, psychological risk factors in surgery, psychiatric morbidity, difficult patients, and care of the dying. Information that tended to be provided infrequently included the cause of the disease, the effects of surgery on sexual functioning, and psychological side-effects of the surgery. Surgeons most often answered incompletely patients' questions about prognosis, effects of surgery on sexual functioning, the presence of malignancy, and probable length of life. Concerning the disclosure of malignancy, 37% said they always tell the patient; 8% tell virtually all patients; 49% tell the patient depending on the patient's and relatives' wishes; and 6% tell the relatives and possibly the patient. A common strategy among 49% is to use the word 'growth' and wait for the patient to ask further. Few surgeons took even the briefest psychiatric history, and only the most severe post-operative psychological complications were referred to psychiatrists. The most difficult patients for surgeons to manage were emotionally labile, angry, demanding, controlling, refusing treatment, or predicting failure. The surgeons in this sample clearly struggled with their role as giver of bad news and with the consequent emotional reactions of the patient.