Influence of ionic shifts during dialysis on volume estimations with multifrequency impedance analysis.

During dialysis the ion concentrations in many body fluids change significantly. The influence of these changes on the accuracy of volume measurements with bioimpedance spectroscopy is investigated by the following procedure: Plasma ion concentrations and impedance spectra (5-500 kHz) are measured during six standard haemodialyses. Intracellular ion concentrations are estimated using a multi-compartment model. Intra- (ICV) and extracellular (ECV) volumes are calculated using a fluid distribution model (FDM) based on Hanai's mixture theory. The input variables of the FDM are intra- and extracellular resistance data that have been fitted from impedance spectra with a Cole-Cole model. Resistivity changes (RCs) due to concentration changes of Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3- and unspecified intracellular ions are estimated. The FDM is corrected for the RCs. Corrected ICVs and ECVs are calculated and compared with uncorrected values. The range of relative RCs between the start and end of the dialyses is -3.2% to 1.4% in the ECV and -3.7% to 1.7% in the ICV. From the RCs, volume estimation errors of -1.0% to 1.9% (ECV) and -1.2% to 2.1% (ICV) relative to the initial values have been calculated. At the end of dialysis, the percentage of the error with respect to the volume change is < 15% for the ECV but > 20% for the ICV. Consequently, a correction of the FDM for RCs is necessary to obtain more reliable ICV data.