Zhang L M, Yu L S, Wang K N, Jing B S, Fang C
Department of Community Health, School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45401-0927, USA.
Aviat Space Environ Med. 1997 May;68(5):368-72.
Previous research has shown that a pilot's professional reliability depends on two relative factors: the pilot's functional state and the demands of task workload. The Psychophysiological Reserve Capacity (PRC) is defined as a pilot's ability to accomplish additive tasks without reducing the performance of the primary task (flight task).
We hypothesized that the PRC was a mirror of the pilot's functional state. The purpose of this study was to probe the psychophysiological method for evaluating a pilot's professional reliability on a simulator.
The PRC Comprehensive Evaluating System (PRCCES) which was used in the experiment included four subsystems: a) quantitative evaluation system for pilot's performance on simulator; b) secondary task display and quantitative estimating system; c) multiphysiological data monitoring and statistical system; and d) comprehensive evaluation system for pilot PRC. Two studies were performed. In study one, 63 healthy and 13 hospitalized pilots participated. Each pilot performed a double 180 degrees circuit flight program with and without secondary task (three digit operation). The operator performance, score of secondary task and cost of physiological effort were measured and compared by PRCCES in the two conditions. Then, each pilot's flight skill in training was subjectively scored by instructor pilot ratings. In study two, 7 healthy pilots volunteered to take part in the experiment on the effects of sleep deprivation on pilot's PRC. Each participant had PRC tested pre- and post-8 h sleep deprivation.
The results show that the PRC values of a healthy pilot was positively correlated with abilities of flexibility, operating and correcting deviation, attention distribution, and accuracy of instrument flight in the air (r = 0.27-0.40, p < 0.05), and negatively correlated with emotional anxiety in flight (r = -0.40, p < 0.05). The values of PRC in healthy pilots (0.61 +/- 0.17) were significantly higher than that of hospitalized pilots (0.43 +/- 0.15) (p < 0.05). The PRC value after 8 h sleep loss (0.50 +/- 0.17) was significantly lower than those before sleep loss (0.70 +/- 0.15) (p < 0.05).
We conclude that a pilot's PRC, which was closely related to flight ability and functional state, could partly represent the pilot's professional reliability. It is worthwhile to further research using a pilot's PRC as a predictor of mental workload in aircraft design.
先前的研究表明，飞行员的职业可靠性取决于两个相关因素：飞行员的功能状态和任务工作量需求。心理生理储备能力（PRC）被定义为飞行员在不降低主要任务（飞行任务）性能的情况下完成附加任务的能力。
我们假设PRC是飞行员功能状态的一种反映。本研究的目的是探究在模拟器上评估飞行员职业可靠性的心理生理方法。
实验中使用的PRC综合评估系统（PRCCES）包括四个子系统：a）飞行员在模拟器上表现的定量评估系统；b）次要任务显示和定量评估系统；c）多生理数据监测和统计系统；d）飞行员PRC综合评估系统。进行了两项研究。在研究一中，63名健康飞行员和13名住院飞行员参与。每位飞行员在有和没有次要任务（三位数运算）的情况下执行双180度环线飞行程序。通过PRCCES在两种情况下测量并比较操作员表现、次要任务得分和生理努力成本。然后，由教员飞行员评级对每位飞行员在训练中的飞行技能进行主观评分。在研究二中，7名健康飞行员自愿参加关于睡眠剥夺对飞行员PRC影响的实验。每位参与者在8小时睡眠剥夺前后进行PRC测试。
结果表明，健康飞行员的PRC值与空中灵活性、操作和纠正偏差能力、注意力分配以及仪表飞行准确性呈正相关（r = 0.27 - 0.40，p < 0.05），与飞行中的情绪焦虑呈负相关（r = -0.40，p < 0.05）。健康飞行员的PRC值（0.61±0.17）显著高于住院飞行员（0.43±0.15）（p < 0.05）。8小时睡眠缺失后的PRC值（0.50±0.17）显著低于睡眠缺失前（0.70±0.15）（p < 0.05）。
我们得出结论，飞行员的PRC与飞行能力和功能状态密切相关，可部分代表飞行员的职业可靠性。在飞机设计中，将飞行员的PRC用作心理工作量的预测指标值得进一步研究。
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