Leonard W R, Keenleyside A, Ivakine E
Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611, USA.
Hum Biol. 1997 Jun;69(3):403-17.
We examine mortality and fertility patterns of aboriginal (primarily Evenki and Keto) and Russian (i.e., nonaboriginal) populations from the Baykit District of Central Siberia for the period 1982-1994. Mortality rates in the aboriginal population of Baykit are substantially greater than those observed in the Russians and are comparable to levels recently reported for other indigenous Siberian groups. Infant mortality rates average 48 per 1000 live births among Baykit aboriginals, three times greater than the Russians of the district (15 per 1000 births) and more than double the rates for Inuit and Indian populations of Canada. Similarly, crude death rates of the Baykit aboriginals are twice as high as those observed in either the Baykit Russians or the Canadian aboriginal populations (13 vs 6-7 deaths per 1000 individuals). Birth rates of the indigenous population of Baykit are higher than those of the Russians (33 vs. 15 births per 1000 individuals) but are comparable to those of Canadian aboriginal groups. Violence and accidents are the leading causes of adult male mortality in both ethnic groups, whereas circulatory diseases have emerged as the prime cause of death in women. The greater male mortality resulting from violence and accidents is a widely observed cross-cultural phenomenon. The emergence of circulatory diseases as a major mortality risk for women, however, appears to be linked to specific lifestyle changes associated with Soviet reorganization of indigenous Siberian societies. Marked declines in mortality and increases in fertility were observed in the Baykit aboriginal population during the mid to late 1980s with the government's implementation of anti-alcohol policies. The decline in mortality, however, was largely erased during the early 1990s, as the region became increasingly isolated and marginalized following the collapse of the Soviet Union. Demographic trends in the Baykit District suggest that because the indigenous groups have become more isolated, many are returning to a more traditional subsistence lifestyle.
我们研究了1982年至1994年期间西伯利亚中部贝科伊特地区原住民（主要是埃文基族和克特族）和俄罗斯人（即非原住民）的死亡率和生育率模式。贝科伊特原住民的死亡率远高于俄罗斯人，与最近报道的其他西伯利亚原住民群体的水平相当。贝科伊特原住民的婴儿死亡率平均为每1000例活产48例，是该地区俄罗斯人的三倍（每1000例出生15例），是加拿大因纽特人和印第安人口死亡率的两倍多。同样，贝科伊特原住民的粗死亡率是贝科伊特俄罗斯人或加拿大原住民人口的两倍（每1000人中有13人死亡，而后者为每1000人中有6至7人死亡）。贝科伊特原住民的出生率高于俄罗斯人（每1000人中有33例出生，而俄罗斯人为每1000人中有15例出生），但与加拿大原住民群体相当。暴力和事故是两个族群成年男性死亡的主要原因，而循环系统疾病已成为女性死亡的主要原因。暴力和事故导致的男性死亡率较高是一种广泛存在的跨文化现象。然而，循环系统疾病成为女性主要死亡风险似乎与苏联对西伯利亚原住民社会进行重组所带来的特定生活方式变化有关。20世纪80年代中期至后期，随着政府实施反酗酒政策，贝科伊特原住民人口的死亡率显著下降，生育率上升。然而，20世纪90年代初，随着苏联解体后该地区日益孤立和边缘化，死亡率的下降在很大程度上被抵消。贝科伊特地区的人口趋势表明，由于原住民群体变得更加孤立，许多人正在回归更传统的自给自足生活方式。
