de Ville de Goyet C, Acosta E, Sabbat P, Pluut E
Emergency Preparedness and Disaster Relief Coordination Program, Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization, Washington, DC, USA.
World Health Stat Q. 1996;49(3-4):189-94.
Frequently in the wake of disasters, large amounts of humanitarian supplies arrive from multiple sources within the country or from abroad. Only a portion of these donations actually responds to specific requests from the affected country. A significant part consists of unsolicited donations whose value--in terms of meeting immediate, life-threatening needs--is questioned by many disaster managers. In 1990, WHO initiated a supply management project, known as "SUMA", to provide national authorities with a management tool and the skills to sort and inventory large amounts of relief supplies in a short period of time. It is a technical cooperation programme to assist the local coordinating agency to get an accurate picture of what is potentially available in the affected area, and to sort the most valuable relief items from those of doubtful usefulness. National authorities have developed their SUMA teams in many situations, both in Latin America and the Caribbean; this article describes three of these experiences. A flood in Costa Rica, in 1995, where the Red Cross assumed national responsibility for managing relief supplies donated locally. The earthquake in Paéz, Colombia, also in 1995, where the National Disaster Committee activated SUMA for all supplies sent to the disaster area, with the exception of specialized health shipments channelled through the Ministry of Health. In Haiti, in 1994, a complex disaster was compounded by a tropical storm. All civilian supplies arriving at the airport were processed by the SUMA team which included customs officers among its members. The traditional problem of unsorted and inappropriate supplies, noted in most international disasters, seems to have been negligible, a trend which can perhaps be credited to 20 years of preparedness activities in Latin America and the Caribbean. The superficial analysis of the data underlines the potential for operational research on the standardized databases generated by SUMA.
灾难过后，常常会有大量人道主义物资从国内多个来源或从国外抵达。这些捐赠物资中只有一部分真正满足受灾国的特定需求。很大一部分是未经请求的捐赠，许多灾害管理人员质疑这些捐赠在满足紧迫的、危及生命的需求方面的价值。1990年，世界卫生组织启动了一个名为“SUMA”的供应管理项目，为国家当局提供一种管理工具和技能，以便在短时间内对大量救援物资进行分类和清点。这是一个技术合作项目，旨在协助当地协调机构准确了解受灾地区可能有哪些物资，并从那些用途存疑的物资中挑选出最有价值的救援物资。在拉丁美洲和加勒比地区的许多情况下，国家当局都组建了自己的SUMA团队；本文介绍了其中三个案例。1995年，哥斯达黎加发生洪水，红十字会承担了管理当地捐赠救援物资的国家责任。同年，哥伦比亚的派斯发生地震，国家灾害委员会对运往灾区的所有物资启动了SUMA项目，但通过卫生部运送的专业医疗物资除外。1994年，海地发生了一场复杂的灾难，还遭遇了一场热带风暴。抵达机场的所有民用物资都由SUMA团队处理，该团队成员包括海关官员。在大多数国际灾难中都存在的救援物资分类不当和不合适的传统问题，在这些案例中似乎微不足道，这种趋势或许可以归功于拉丁美洲和加勒比地区20年的备灾活动。对数据的初步分析凸显了对SUMA生成的标准化数据库进行运筹学研究的潜力。
