Garber P A, Leigh S R
Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801, USA.
Folia Primatol (Basel). 1997;68(1):1-22. doi: 10.1159/000157226.
This paper explores relations of ontogeny, life history strategies and patterns of infant care in 11 species of small-bodied New World monkeys. Analysis of these data suggests that differences in the social systems of Aotus, Callicebus, Saimiri, Callimico, Saguinus, Leontopithecus, Cebuella and Callithrix are closely tied to both the costs of reproduction and to the ontogenetic requirements of maturing young. In Saimiri, both rapid prenatal body weight and perinatal brain growth result in relatively high metabolic costs to breeding females. These costs, coupled with minimal nonmaternal assistance in caregiving, appear to favor a reproductive strategy that limits offspring production to a single birth at 2-year intervals. In contrast, tamarins and marmosets are capable of producing twins twice in the same year. Prenatal investment in each offspring is relatively low, and the potentially high postnatal costs of nursing 2 infants are minimized by the evolution of a social system involving extensive extramaternal care-giving. Cooperative infant care in callitrichins (tamarins and marmosets) serves to distribute the metabolic costs of infant ontogeny among several group members. Callimico is also characterized by a high reproductive output, with females capable of producing a single infant twice during the year. Infants continue to grow rapidly after weaning. Patterns of infant development in Callimico are similar to those found in tamarins and marmosets and support a close phylogenetic relationship among these taxa. Aotus and Callicebus are characterized by an alternative strategy. In these taxa, a monogamous mating system is associated with paternal certainty, male parental care, and provisioning of the young. The transfer of male energetic resources to a single offspring allows night and titi monkeys to maintain a comparatively short interbirth interval (1 year). Ecological and social factors, such as predation and feeding competition, do not appear to adequately explain much of the observed variation in infant development and preadult growth rates in these platyrrhines. Instead, reproductive strategies are strongly linked to ontogenetic patterns and life histories.
本文探讨了11种小型新大陆猴的个体发育、生活史策略与婴儿照料模式之间的关系。对这些数据的分析表明，夜猴属、伶猴属、松鼠猴属、侏狨属、柽柳猴属、狮面狨属、倭狨属和狨属的社会系统差异与繁殖成本和幼崽成熟的个体发育需求密切相关。在松鼠猴中，产前体重快速增加和围产期大脑生长导致繁殖期雌性的代谢成本相对较高。这些成本，再加上育儿过程中极少的非母性帮助，似乎有利于一种繁殖策略，即每隔两年产一胎，将后代数量限制在一胎。相比之下，绢毛猴和狨猴能够在同一年产两次双胞胎。对每个后代的产前投资相对较低，通过涉及广泛的非母性照料的社会系统的进化，养育两只幼崽的潜在高产后成本被降至最低。绢毛猴科动物（绢毛猴和狨猴）的合作育儿有助于将幼崽个体发育的代谢成本分摊到几个群体成员身上。侏狨的特点也是繁殖产量高，雌性能够在一年中产两次单胎。幼崽断奶后继续快速生长。侏狨的幼崽发育模式与绢毛猴和狨猴相似，支持了这些分类群之间密切的系统发育关系。夜猴属和伶猴属具有另一种策略。在这些分类群中，一夫一妻制的交配系统与父系确定性、雄性亲代照料和幼崽供养有关。雄性将精力资源转移给单个后代，使夜猴和伶猴能够保持相对较短的产仔间隔（1年）。生态和社会因素，如捕食和觅食竞争，似乎无法充分解释这些阔鼻猴在幼崽发育和成年前生长速度方面观察到的许多差异。相反，繁殖策略与个体发育模式和生活史密切相关。
