Wolfe J D, Simmons D H
West J Med. 1977 Nov;127(5):383-90.
Hemoptysis is one of the most important symptoms of cardiopulmonary disease-first, because bleeding even in small amounts may indicate the presence of such serious diseases as bronchogenic carcinoma or active tuberculosis, and second, because untreated massive hemorrhage is associated with a high mortality rate. The cause of hemoptysis may be suggested by the history, physical examination or chest x-ray findings, but often diagnostic procedures such as bronchoscopy, bronchography and pulmonary angiography are needed for definitive diagnosis. The importance of early localization of the bleeding site and surgical intervention in patients with massive hemoptysis is stressed.
咯血是心肺疾病最重要的症状之一——首先，即使少量出血也可能提示存在支气管源性癌或活动性肺结核等严重疾病；其次，未经治疗的大量咯血死亡率很高。咯血的病因可通过病史、体格检查或胸部X光检查结果推测，但往往需要支气管镜检查、支气管造影和肺血管造影等诊断程序才能明确诊断。强调了早期确定出血部位以及对大量咯血患者进行手术干预的重要性。
