Gastro-oesophageal reflux in children.

Gastro-oesophageal reflux in children is different in several aspects from in adults. Pathophysiologically, 50% of reflux episodes are due to increased abdominal pressure which overcomes the lower oesophageal sphincter pressure. This pathophysiological abnormality disappears in children at the age of 1.5-2 years. Treatment is therefore different and aimed at thickening the gastric contents to inhibit reflux (Nutrition, Gaviscon, Algicon). The child is placed in the anti-Trendelburg position when asleep. No further investigation or intensification of treatment is necessary in young children under the age of 2 years unless complications are present. With complicated gastro-oesophageal reflux, treatment in children is comparable to that in adults; the effects of H2 antagonists and proton-pump inhibitors are identical. Long-term complications of gastro-oesophageal reflux are rare. In the near sudden death syndrome or acute life-threatening events in infants due to total sphincter relaxation aspiration is possible and should be prevented. Optimal treatment and monitoring are mandatory. In mentally handicapped children rumination is more prominent than gastro-oesophageal reflux. It is difficult to distinguish between vomiting, regurgitation and rumination. Treatment of oesophagitis might improve quality of life. When clear eosinophilic oesophagitis is observed food allergy should be considered and appropriately treated.