Bergman L R, Magnusson D
Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Sweden.
Dev Psychopathol. 1997 Spring;9(2):291-319. doi: 10.1017/s095457949700206x.
There is a growing acceptance of a holistic, interactionistic view in which the individual is seen as an organized whole, functioning and developing as a totality. This view emphasizes the importance of patterns of operating factors. Within this framework, a standard variable-oriented approach, focusing on the variable as the main theoretical and analytical unit, has limitations. A person-oriented approach would often be preferable, where the main theoretical and analytical unit is the specific pattern of operating factors. Such an approach is presented here, focusing on individual development and psychopathology. A brief theoretical and methodological overview is given and a classification approach is emphasized. Empirical examples concerning the longitudinal study of adjustment problems illustrate a number of issues believed to be important to development and psychopathology: problem gravitation, the significance of single variables and of patterns, the developmental study of syndromes (= typical patterns), and the detection of "white spots" in development.
一种整体的、相互作用的观点越来越被人们所接受，在这种观点中，个体被视为一个有组织的整体，作为一个总体发挥功能并发展。这种观点强调操作因素模式的重要性。在这个框架内，以变量为主要理论和分析单位的标准的面向变量的方法存在局限性。一种以人为主的方法通常更可取，其主要理论和分析单位是操作因素的特定模式。这里介绍了这样一种方法，重点是个体发展和精神病理学。给出了简要的理论和方法概述，并强调了一种分类方法。关于适应问题纵向研究的实证例子说明了一些被认为对发展和精神病理学很重要的问题：问题引力、单个变量和模式的重要性、综合征（即典型模式）的发展研究以及发展中“空白点”的检测。
