Baum C R, Shannon M W
Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL 60614-3394, USA.
J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1997;35(4):371-5. doi: 10.3109/15563659709043369.
To characterize practices of infant formula reconstitution and to measure the lead concentration of the home-prepared reconstituted infant formula.
Convenience sample of metropolitan Boston infants less than 9 months of age who were being evaluated in an urban pediatric emergency department and had home-prepared reconstituted infant formula available. A questionnaire was administered to gather demographic information and details of formula preparation. A 30-90 mL sample of home-prepared reconstituted infant formula was collected in an acid-washed, distilled water-rinsed glass tube, then analyzed for lead by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (precision +/- 2 micrograms/L or 2 ppb).
Forty infants were evaluated. Mean (SD) chronological age was 112 +/- 78 d. Reported daily reconstituted infant formula daily volume was 870 +/- 300 mL. Two of the 40 samples (5% [95% CI: 2.0, 18.2%]) had lead concentrations above 15 micrograms/L, the current action level for safe water according to the Environmental Protection Agency. The two samples with lead concentrations of 17 and 70 micrograms/L were prepared using cold tap water (water run for 5 and 30 sec, respectively) drawn from the plumbing of houses greater than 20 years old.
These data suggest that the use of infant formulas which require reconstitution may present inadvertent lead hazards to young infants. Pediatricians should provide education about these potentially hazardous practices to parents who use these formulas.
描述婴儿配方奶粉冲调方法的特征，并测定家庭自制冲调后婴儿配方奶粉中的铅浓度。
选取在城市儿科急诊科接受评估且有家庭自制冲调后婴儿配方奶粉的波士顿市区9个月以下婴儿作为便利样本。通过问卷调查收集人口统计学信息和配方奶粉冲调细节。在酸洗并用蒸馏水冲洗过的玻璃管中采集30 - 90 mL家庭自制冲调后婴儿配方奶粉样本，然后用原子吸收分光光度法分析铅含量（精密度±2微克/升或2 ppb）。
对40名婴儿进行了评估。平均（标准差）实际年龄为112±78天。报告的每日冲调后婴儿配方奶粉摄入量为870±300 mL。40个样本中有2个（5%[95%置信区间：2.0，18.2%]）的铅浓度高于15微克/升，这是美国环境保护局规定的安全用水现行行动水平。铅浓度分别为17和70微克/升的两个样本是用从房龄超过20年的房屋管道中接出的冷水（流水时间分别为5秒和30秒）冲调的。
这些数据表明，使用需要冲调的婴儿配方奶粉可能会给幼儿带来意外的铅危害。儿科医生应向使用这些配方奶粉的家长提供有关这些潜在危险做法的教育。
