Watt G C, Britton A, Gilmour W H, Moore M R, Murray G D, Robertson S J, Womersley J
Department of General Practice, University of Glasgow, Woodside Health Centre.
BMJ. 1996 Oct 19;313(7063):979-81. doi: 10.1136/bmj.313.7063.979.
To assess the relation between tap water lead and maternal blood lead concentrations and assess the exposure of infants to lead in tap water in a water supply area subjected to maximal water treatment to reduce plumbosolvency.
Postal questionnaire survey and collection of kettle water from a representative sample of mothers; blood and further water samples were collected in a random sample of households and households with raised water lead concentrations.
Loch Katrine water supply area, Glasgow.
1812 mothers with a live infant born between October 1991 and September 1992. Blood lead concentrations were measured in 342 mothers.
Mean geometric blood lead concentrations and the prevalence of raised tap water lead concentration.
17% of households had water lead concentration of 10 micrograms/l (48.3 nmol/l) or more in 1993 compared with 49% of households in 1981. Tap water lead remained the main correlate or raised maternal blood lead concentrations and accounted for 62% and 76% of cases of maternal blood lead concentrations above 5 and 10 micrograms/dl (0.24 and 0.48 mumol/l) respectively. The geometric mean maternal blood lead concentration was 3.65 micrograms/dl (0.18 mumol/l) in a random sample of mothers and 3.16 micrograms/dl (0.15 mumol/l) in mothers whose tap water lead concentrations were consistently below 2 micrograms/l (9.7 nmol/l). No mother in the study had a blood lead concentration above 25 micrograms/dl (1.21 mumol/l). An estimated 13% of infants were exposed via bottle feeds to tap water lead concentrations exceeding the World Health Organisation's guideline of 10 micrograms/l (48.3 nmol/l).
Tap water lead and maternal blood led concentrations in the Loch Katrine water supply area have fallen substantially since the early 1980s. Maternal blood lead concentrations are well within limits currently considered safe for human health. Tap water lead is still a public health problem in relation to the lead exposure of bottle fed infants.
评估自来水中铅含量与母亲血铅浓度之间的关系，并评估在采取最大程度水处理以降低铅溶解性的供水区域中，婴儿通过自来水接触铅的情况。
通过邮寄问卷调查，并从有代表性的母亲样本中收集水壶中的水；在随机抽取的家庭以及自来水中铅含量升高的家庭中采集血液和更多水样。
格拉斯哥的卡特琳湖供水区域。
1991年10月至1992年9月期间生育活产婴儿的1812名母亲。对其中342名母亲测量了血铅浓度。
几何平均血铅浓度以及自来水中铅含量升高的患病率。
1993年，17%的家庭自来水中铅含量达到或超过10微克/升（48.3纳摩尔/升），而1981年这一比例为49%。自来水中的铅仍然是母亲血铅浓度升高的主要相关因素，分别占母亲血铅浓度高于5微克/分升（0.24微摩尔/升）和10微克/分升（0.48微摩尔/升）病例的62%和76%。在随机抽取的母亲样本中，几何平均血铅浓度为每分升3.65微克（0.18微摩尔/升），而自来水铅含量始终低于2微克/升（9.7纳摩尔/升）的母亲的几何平均血铅浓度为每分升3.16微克（0.15微摩尔/升）。研究中没有一位母亲的血铅浓度超过25微克/分升（1.21微摩尔/升）。估计13%的婴儿通过奶瓶喂养接触到超过世界卫生组织10微克/升（48.3纳摩尔/升）指导值的自来水中的铅。
自20世纪80年代初以来，卡特琳湖供水区域的自来水中铅含量和母亲血铅浓度已大幅下降。母亲血铅浓度远在目前认为对人类健康安全的限值范围内。就奶瓶喂养婴儿的铅接触而言，自来水中的铅仍是一个公共卫生问题。
