Rollins J A
Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.
Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am. 1997 Jun;9(2):211-20.
Child witnesses respond to violent events in two stages: an immediate reaction to the trauma followed by a response to the trauma and grief. The child's stage of development, circumstances surrounding the incident, and reactions of trusted adults affect responses. Secondary prevention measures during the first stage focus on protection and advocacy, while second stage interventions help the child acknowledge and tolerate the realities of the violent event. Child witnesses are at risk for posttraumatic stress disorder and other long-term social, emotional, and developmental problems. Individual characteristics, early life experiences, and protective factors in the environment contribute to children's resilience and ability to survive and grow into healthy adults.
对创伤的即时反应，随后是对创伤和悲痛的反应。儿童的发育阶段、事件周围的环境以及可信赖成年人的反应会影响其反应。第一阶段的二级预防措施侧重于保护和支持，而第二阶段的干预措施则帮助儿童认识并承受暴力事件的现实。儿童证人有患创伤后应激障碍以及其他长期社会、情感和发育问题的风险。个体特征、早期生活经历以及环境中的保护因素有助于儿童的恢复力以及生存并成长为健康成年人的能力。
