Tomaka J, Blascovich J, Kibler J, Ernst J M
Department of Psychology, University of Texas at El Paso 79968, USA.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 1997 Jul;73(1):63-72. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.73.1.63.
Cognitive appraisal theories of stress and emotion propose that cognitive appraisals precede physiological responses, whereas peripheralist theories propose that physiological arousal precedes cognitive processes. Three studies examined this issue regarding threat and challenge responses to potential stress. Study 1 supported cognitive appraisal theory by demonstrating that threat and challenge cognitive appraisals and physiological responses could be elicited experimentally by manipulating instructional set. Studies 2 and 3, in contrast, found that manipulations of physiological response patterns consistent with challenge and threat did not result in corresponding changes in cognitive appraisal. Appraisals in Study 3, however, were related to subjective pain independent of the physiological manipulation. These studies suggest a central role for cognitive appraisal processes in elicitation of threat and challenge responses to potentially stressful situations.
压力与情绪的认知评估理论认为，认知评估先于生理反应，而外周主义理论则认为生理唤醒先于认知过程。三项研究探讨了有关对潜在压力的威胁和挑战反应的这一问题。研究1通过证明通过操纵指导语集可以实验性地引发威胁和挑战认知评估及生理反应，支持了认知评估理论。相比之下，研究2和研究3发现，与挑战和威胁一致的生理反应模式的操纵并未导致认知评估的相应变化。然而，研究3中的评估与主观疼痛相关，与生理操纵无关。这些研究表明，认知评估过程在引发对潜在压力情境的威胁和挑战反应中起核心作用。
