Gardner H, Silverman J, Denes G, Semenza C, Rosenstiel A K
Cortex. 1977 Sep;13(3):242-56. doi: 10.1016/s0010-9452(77)80034-8.
Musical segments convey at least two kinds of meaning: The "real-world" events referred to by lyrics and by occasions of performance constitute musical denotation: the formal expressive patterns suggested by such constituents as pitch, timbre, and intensity constitute musical connotation. To ascertain sensitivity to these musical facets among brain-injured patients, tests assessing appreciation of musical denotation and connotation were administered to unilaterally brain-injured subjects in the United States and Italy. On the musical denotation test, right hemisphere patients excelled on items where knowledge of lyrics was required; in contrast, anterior aphasics surpassed both posterior aphasics and right hemisphere patients on items where acquaintance with lyrics was unnecessary. On the musical connotation test, right hemisphere patients performed relatively better in matching sound patterns to temporally-sequenced designs than to gestalten; these patients also performed better than left hemisphere patients on a number of other dimensions. The relatively high performance of posterior aphasics on the connotation test, along with the lack of correlation between connotative and denotative scores received by aphasic patients, suggest a behavioral and neurological dissociation between the two forms of musical sensitivity.
歌词以及表演场合所提及的“现实世界”事件构成音乐外延；音高、音色和强度等要素所暗示的形式表达模式构成音乐内涵。为了确定脑损伤患者对这些音乐方面的敏感度，在美国和意大利对单侧脑损伤受试者进行了评估音乐外延和内涵欣赏能力的测试。在音乐外延测试中，右半球患者在需要歌词知识的项目上表现出色；相比之下，在不需要熟悉歌词的项目上，前失语症患者的表现超过后失语症患者和右半球患者。在音乐内涵测试中，右半球患者在将声音模式与时间顺序设计相匹配方面，比对格式塔的匹配表现相对更好；在其他一些维度上，这些患者的表现也优于左半球患者。后失语症患者在内涵测试中的相对较高表现，以及失语症患者内涵得分与外延得分之间缺乏相关性，表明这两种音乐敏感度形式在行为和神经学上存在分离。
