Kennedy R C, Shearer M H, Hildebrand W
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City 73190, USA.
Vaccine. 1997 Jun;15(8):903-8. doi: 10.1016/s0264-410x(96)00277-0.
When considering preclinical studies to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of putative vaccine candidates, such as nucleic acid vaccines, species most closely related to humans should be considered. Phylogenetically, the great apes (chimpanzees, orangutans, gorillas, and gibbons) are most closely related to humans. However, the great apes, which diverged from humans over 5 million years ago, represent endangered or threatened species that limits their utility in preclinical studies. In addition, cost considerations for using great apes in biomedical studies represents another serious limitation. The Old World monkeys, (macaques, baboons, mandrills, and mangabeys), diverged from humans over 15 million years ago. A number of the Old World monkey species including rhesus, cynomolgus, and African green monkeys, have also been employed in biomedical research to evaluate vaccine safety and immunogenicity. New World monkeys (aotus, owl, cebus monkeys, and marmosets) are the most phylogenetically divergent from humans, yet they have also been utilized to develop nonhuman primate models for a number of human infectious diseases and tumors. The advantages and disadvantages in selecting a particular nonhuman primate species for studies to evaluate DNA vaccine safety and immunogenicity are briefly discussed. Comparative immunology, reproductive physiology, endogenous infectious agents, and cost considerations are briefly described.
在考虑进行临床前研究以评估核酸疫苗等候选疫苗的安全性和免疫原性时，应选择与人类亲缘关系最密切的物种。从系统发育角度来看，大猩猩（黑猩猩、猩猩、大猩猩和长臂猿）与人类亲缘关系最为密切。然而，大猩猩在500多万年前就与人类分化，属于濒危或受威胁物种，这限制了它们在临床前研究中的应用。此外，在生物医学研究中使用大猩猩的成本也是一个严重的限制因素。旧世界猴（猕猴、狒狒、山魈和白眉猴）在1500多万年前就与人类分化。包括恒河猴、食蟹猴和非洲绿猴在内的一些旧世界猴物种也被用于生物医学研究，以评估疫苗的安全性和免疫原性。新世界猴（夜猴、猫头鹰猴、卷尾猴和狨猴）在系统发育上与人类差异最大，但它们也被用于开发多种人类传染病和肿瘤的非人灵长类动物模型。本文简要讨论了选择特定非人灵长类物种进行DNA疫苗安全性和免疫原性研究的优缺点。还简要描述了比较免疫学、生殖生理学、内源性感染因子和成本考量。
