Hale W W, Jansen J H, Bouhuys A L, Jenner J A, van den Hoofdakker R H
Academic Hospital Groningen, Department of Biological Psychiatry, The Netherlands.
J Affect Disord. 1997 Jul;44(2-3):111-22. doi: 10.1016/s0165-0327(97)01448-1.
Excessive support seeking and lack of receiving social support have been associated with depression onset and unfavorable course of depression. It has been assumed that social support is effected by observable behaviors that express involvement. Twenty-five patients with major depression were studied during a social interaction with their partner and a similar interaction, with a stranger, matched on the sex and age of the partner. We anticipated that (1) partners would display less involvement behaviors to the depressed patients than would strangers and that (2) lack of involvement would predict an unfavorable course of depression, as assessed for depression remission within 6 months of admission. The social interactions, conducted at admission, were videotaped and the behaviors were assessed by ethological methods. The frequency and duration of behavioral elements were associated on the basis of statistical criteria into behavioral factors. Certain factors were supposed to express (lack of) involvement during an interaction. In the patient-partner interaction it was found that both participants displayed lower levels of involvement as compared to the patient-stranger interaction. The patients' low involvement was reflected by less Speech, less Eagerness (yes-nodding and no-shaking), less Speaking Effort (head movements, looking and gesturing during speech) and more Active Listening (intense touching of one's own body and head movements during listening). The partners' low involvement was also expressed by less Speech and more Active Listening, together with less Encouragement (yes-nodding and 'um-hum'-ing during listening). In addition, the partners displayed less Speech to patients who did not remit within 6 months, whereas patients and strangers behaviors were not related to depression remission. These findings supported our anticipations and the findings are related back to data on social support, involvement and to previous human ethological studies on depression.
过度寻求支持以及缺乏获得社会支持与抑郁症的发作和不良病程有关。人们认为社会支持受表达参与的可观察行为影响。对25名重度抑郁症患者在与伴侣的社交互动以及与陌生人进行的类似互动（陌生人在性别和年龄上与伴侣匹配）过程中进行了研究。我们预计：（1）与陌生人相比，伴侣对抑郁症患者表现出的参与行为会更少；（2）缺乏参与会预示抑郁症的不良病程，这是根据入院后6个月内的抑郁缓解情况评估的。入院时进行的社交互动被录像，行为通过行为学方法进行评估。行为元素的频率和持续时间根据统计标准关联成行为因素。某些因素被认为在互动过程中表达（缺乏）参与。在患者与伴侣的互动中发现，与患者和陌生人的互动相比，双方参与者都表现出较低水平的参与。患者的低参与表现为言语较少、热情较少（点头肯定和摇头否定）、说话努力较少（说话时的头部动作、眼神和手势）以及更多的积极倾听（倾听时频繁触摸自己的身体和头部动作）。伴侣的低参与还表现为言语较少、更多的积极倾听以及鼓励较少（倾听时点头肯定和发出“嗯哼”声）。此外，伴侣对6个月内未缓解的患者言语更少，而患者和陌生人的行为与抑郁缓解无关。这些发现支持了我们的预期，并且这些发现与社会支持、参与的数据以及先前关于抑郁症的人类行为学研究相关。
